Transformative Studies Institute

AI consumes as much water as the world’s bottled water industry.

A new analysis of artificial intelligence’s environmental footprint suggests that training and running models such as ChatGPT may already consume more water each year than humans drink from bottled water worldwide.

After combining estimated data center cooling needs with the largely opaque water-use data big tech companies choose to disclose, de Vries-Gao concludes that AI operations likely consume between 312.5 billion and 764.6 billion liters of water per year—bracketing and potentially surpassing the 446 billion liters of bottled water people drink globally.

These figures exclude the substantial “embodied” water required to manufacture AI chips and hardware, prompting UC Riverside researcher Shaolei Ren to argue that the real total is even higher and that earlier projections were too conservative.

References (APA style)

De Vries-Gao, A. (2025). Environmental impacts of artificial intelligence: Energy use, emissions, and water consumption. Patterns.
Wolverton, T. (2025, December 19). Study: Artificial intelligence models might be more thirsty than thought. San Francisco Examiner.