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REFLECTING a few decades later on the events of April 1917, British historian (and prime minister) Winston Churchill spoke of the Germans turning “upon Russia the most grisly of weapons. They transported Lenin in a sealed truck like a plague bacillus from Switzerland to Russia.”

The Germans were keen back then to facilitate further chaos in Russia, as what has become known as the First World War was about to enter its denouement. Lenin, as the Russian exile Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was known among circles familiar with his polemics, was an implacable opponent of that war, relentless in his criticism of social democrats — not least in Germany — who had succumbed to the siren song of nationalistic ‘patriotism’. The kaiser’s underlings may well have entertained second thoughts about their enterprise had they even an inkling of what their decision would entail.

At the time, Lenin was largely an unknown entity even among his compatriots, at least outside intellectual circles. His arrival at Petrograd’s Finland Station did not merely help to change the course Russian history. It served as the starting point of a world-historical transformation.

The revolution in February 1917 had taken Lenin by surprise but he was willing to make the most of it. He returned home by the only means possible, incubating radical ideas that were initially anathema even to some of his closest comrades, all too many of whom were willing, in the turbulent confusion of the times, to operate within the bounds of the shaky bourgeois-democratic dispensation that had displaced centuries of tsarist autocracy. Lenin had other ideas, and by October they has been honed into the determination that even the bourgeois phase of the post-feudal transformation ought to be overseen by a socialist government. It was Lenin, and not subsequent left-wing critics of the Soviet Union, who coined the term ‘state capitalism’ — in his case not as a critique but as a necessary concession to a particular stage of development.

His arrival at Petrograd marked the start of a global transformation.

Born into a middle-class milieu 150 years ago today in Simbirsk, Volodya was by most accounts a precociously sensitive child, radicalised not so much by his personal circumstances but by the misery he witnessed around him. As a 17-year-old, he was traumatised by the ex*****on of 21-year-old Sasha, his beloved eldest brother, for Alexander Ulyanov’s role in a plot to assassinate tsar Alexander III. Soviet hagiography depicts the teenage Lenin as proclaiming, with his hand on his distraught mother’s shoulder: “We will not follow that path.” Another possibly apocryphal account has him declaring: “I’ll make him pay for this!” What’s undoubtedly true, though, is that the young Vladimir’s high-school headmaster, who admired his pupil’s diligence, was Fyodor Kerensky, the father of Lenin’s reactionary bête noire Alexander Kerensky in 1917.

There’s potentially another irony of history in the fact that in that year Lenin’s most indispensable comrade-in-arms was Leon Trotsky, who organised the military aspect of the October Revolution and effectively engineered a hard-won victory in the civil war that followed.

Arguments still rage in some spheres about whether Stalinism was a natural outgrowth of Leninism. They often tend to overlook the fact that a Lenin debilitated by an assassination attempt and at least two subsequent strokes unsuccessfully strove in his dying years to remove Joseph Stalin from his role as general secretary of the Communist Party, or that he tried in those same years to reverse some of the repressive policies that civil war exigencies had dictated.

Perhaps he would have tried much harder had he envisaged even in his most dreadful nightmares that Stalin would go on exterminate his closest comrades, culminating in the assassination of Trotsky in Mexico 80 years ago. It’s safe to say that Lenin would have been appalled by the death cult that placed him on a pedestal made of sand. His devoted widow deeply resented the idea of her husband being soaked in formaldehyde and being put on display for posterity as a poster-boy for a reality he neither envisaged nor endorsed.

Lenin’s so-called ‘last testament’ wasn’t made publicly available in the Soviet Union until it was included in his collected works in the 1970s. Given he rarely hesitated to acknowledge his own mistakes or resile from criticising the party that postulated him as a father-figure, I suspect he would have empathised with Mikhail Gorbachev’s glasnost-perestroika project. Gorbachev’s “we cannot go on living like this” catch cry resonates these days as a socialistic response is trotted out in so many parts of the world to rescue capitalism. If it is to go beyond that, though, it must heed Lenin’s warning against one step forward, two steps back.

Lenin has innumerable biographers, and even the most hostile among them tend to acknowledge his greatness. It would be a shame to let his legacy go to waste.

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All Universities Will Resume Classes From 1st June

According to the Chairman Higher Education Commission (HEC), Dr. Tariq Banuri, HEC is devising different strategies to resume academic activities online for students countrywide affected by the closure of institutions in Pakistan due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dr. Banuri said that HEC has already inked an agreement with telecom companies to offer special data bundles for students, especially those living in distant areas, at affordable prices.

The HEC is also mulling over providing Smartphones to students who cannot afford to buy one after reports emerged revealing that numerous students remained absent from online classes because they did not have a smartphone. Universities have been directed to provide HEC with the data of such students.

Regarding poor or no connectivity in remote areas, Dr. Banuri said that government and telecom companies are addressing these issues step by step.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, countries across the globe are conducting online classes, stated the HEC Chairman.

Face-to-face teaching is halted at all educational institutions across the globe after the Coronavirus pandemic. Countries with resources and capacity have opted for the online education system. Pakistan should move towards online classes until circumstances become normal in line with the approach the developed countries have opted for during the current situation. Coronavirus has badly affected the education system not only in Pakistan but across the globe.

Resuming Online Classes
Dr. Banuri said that the HEC is cognizant of the problems linked with online classes. Some of the issues are lack of online system, faculty training, electricity, connectivity and internet coverage.

The HEC has formulated an 8 step plan to address different issues regarding quality and connectivity issues.

Moreover, Dr. Banuri said that universities with well-built learning management systems (LMS) have been directed to resume online classes. All these universities have no connectivity issue and their quality of online teaching is exceptional.

Universities facing technological, technical, or spatial limitations have been given time to plan, acquire, train, and deploy LMS. These universities will start online classes through LMS from June 1 in case the lockdown is extended because of the Coronavirus pandemic.

Meanwhile, the HEC has instituted a Technical Support Committee (TSC) to help universities’ staff adapt to the online mode of education, said Dr. Banurii

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Grammar and Syntax are two overlapping disciplines that deal with the construction of words, phrases and sentences in a language. Since both syntax and grammar deal with rules and structures of language, many people assume that grammar and syntax refer to the same concept. However, this assumption is not true; there is a marked difference between grammar and syntax. Syntax is a field of linguistics that studies the structure of a sentence whereas grammar is a set of structural rules that dictates the construction of sentences, clauses, phrases and words in a language. This is the main difference between grammar and syntax.Difference Between Grammar and Syntax - infographic
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Syntax is a field of linguistics that studies the structure of a sentence. Syntax refers to the arrangement of words and phrases used to create well-formed sentences in a language. It studies the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in any language. The meaning of a sentence can depend on its structure. For example, look at the two sentence below.

1:

Cried she sad because was she.

2:

She cried because she was sad.

If you look carefully at both examples, you’ll notice that both of them contain the same words. But, the first sentence has no meaning. The only difference between the two examples is the order of the words. Therefore, the word order is a major element in a sentence. Word order or structure of a sentence is a major component in syntax.

Any sentence can be divided into two major parts known as subject and predicate. Syntax typically studies sentences that have a clear inner division between subject and predicate. Words and phrases in a language can be classified according to their function within a sentence. These syntactical classes of words are called parts of speech.
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Main Difference - Grammar vs Syntax
NP=Noun Phrase, VP= Verb Phrase,PP=Prepositional Phrase, N=Noun, V= Verb, D=Determiner
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Grammar is a set of structural rules that dictates the construction of sentences, clauses, phrases and words in a language. It studies classes of words, their inflections, and their functions and relations in the sentence. Orthography (spellings), accidence (inflections of words), and syntax (the structure of sentences) all fall under the category of grammar.

Grammar can be either descriptive or perspective. Perspective grammar prescribes or stipulates how the structure of language should be used by the people whereas descriptive grammar describes how the structure of language is actually used the speakers and writers.

The grammar rules and structures vary according to different languages. For example, English follows the subject, verb, object pattern whereas Hindi follows subject, object, verb pattern.


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Difference Between Grammar and Syntax
Definition
Grammar is a set of structural rules that dictates the construction of sentences, clauses, phrases and words in a language.

Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in any language.


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Grammar is about the rules and structures governing the construction of sentences, clauses, phrases and words.

Syntax is mainly about the order of words in a sentence.


Grammar includes orthography, accidence, morphology, and syntax.

Syntax falls under grammar.


Grammar is a more general term used in everyday use.

Syntax is a discipline of linguistics.

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THE government’s decision to lift restrictions on goods transportation will help ease the impact of the coronavirus lockdown on the supply chain of food and other essential items. Suppliers and retailers were already facing a significant surge in demand for nonperishable food items and other necessities as people resorted to panic-buying in cities out of fear of possible shortages. Restrictions on inter-provincial and intercity movement and the distribution of goods designed to curb the spread of the coronavirus, which has infected over 1,400 people and killed at least 12 in the country, also added to the pressure. Reports from different cities suggested that products such as wheat flour were disappearing from the shops as new supplies were being delayed. However, the centre’s timely intervention may have saved the situation. At a press conference after the Friday meeting of the National Coordination Committee regarding the situation in the wake of the lockdown ordered by the provinces, Prime Minister Imran Khan announced another important decision ie opening food-related industries to ensure adequate supplies to meet the spike in demand during the shutdown period.

Indeed, the free movement of goods is essential to avoid supply chain disruptions. But that is not all. Some disruptions are being caused by incompetence and the unwillingness of the bureaucracy to cooperate with producers. For example, the ghee and edible oil industry in Punjab is facing a shortage of vitamins because the railway authorities are refusing to release the consignments imported by the manufacturers. Similarly, the current process for essential and export industries of obtaining notified exemptions from the district administration for their operations is quite cumbersome. It would be much better if the powers to issue those waivers were given to the representative bodies to prevent delays in the domestic and export supply chain. At the same time, the government needs to strictly direct Customs and the port authorities to cut the red tape and help both importers and exporters bring in raw materials or send out shipments. Pakistan, like the rest of the world, is facing a very challenging and uncertain situation. The war against Covid-19 is going to be a long and difficult one. It’s time the government took effective measures to simplify its procedures and processes to cut the bureaucratic red tape in order to avert unnecessary disruptions in the domestic supply chain as well as delays in the country’s overseas shipments to protect as many jobs as possible.

Published in Dawn, March 29th, 2020

‏چین کی خفیہ ایجنسی کی رپورٹ

کورونا وائرس برطانیہ کی لیبارٹری میں تیار کیا گیا ، اسے امریکا میں رجسٹرڈ کیا گیا اور پھر کینیڈا کی لیبارٹری سے کینیڈا کی پرواز کے ذریعے باقاعدہ طور پر ووہان کی لیبارٹری میں پہنچایا گیا
تحقیق کے مطابق کورونا وارئرس کو ایک حیاتیاتی ‏ہتھیار کے طور پر استعمال کرنے کا کام انگلینڈ کے Pirbright Institute نے شروع کیا Pirbright Instituteکے اس پروجیکٹ کے مالی مددگار Bill and Melinda Gates Foundationاور Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health کورونا وائرس کو باقاعدہ امریکا میں Pirbright Institute نے پیٹنٹ ‏بھی کرایا
اس کا پیٹنٹ نمبر 10, 10,701 تھا ۔ جنوری میں امریکا میں پہلے کیس کے دریافت ہوتے ہی یہ پیٹنٹ ختم کردیا گیا ۔ کورونا وائرس جسے امریکا کے ادارے The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)نے 2019-nCoV کا نام دیا ہے ، سے بچاؤ کے لیے 18 اکتوبر 2019میں ہی نیویارک میں ‏‏‏کمپیوٹر پر مشق کرلی گئی تھی ۔ مذکورہ مشق کا انتظام بل اینڈ ملنڈا گیٹس فاؤنڈیشن ، جان ہوپکنز سینٹر فار ہیلتھ سیکوریٹی نے ورلڈ اکنامک فورم کے اشتراک سے کیا تھا ۔
اس مشق جس میں پارلیمنٹ ، بزنس لیڈروں اور شعبہ صحت سے تعلق رکھنے والے افراد نے حصہ لیا تھا ، اس امر کی مشق کی گئی کہ ‏کورونا وائرس کے وبا کی صورت میں پھیلنے کی صورت میں اس سے بچاؤ کس طرح سے کیا جائے ۔اس مشق کو Event 201کا نام دیا گیا ۔
یہ ایک فل اسکیل ایکسرسائیز تھی جو چین کے وسطی علاقے ووہان میں پہلا کیس رپورٹ ہونے سے چھ ہفتے قبل کی گئی تھی
یہ بات بھی نوٹ کرنے کی ہے کہ کورونا وائرس سے ‏بچاؤ کی کمپوٹر پر مشق کا اہتمام کرنے والی تنظیمیں وہی تھیں جو اس وائرس کے پیٹنٹ کے مالک ادارے کو فنڈز فراہم کررہی تھیں
اور اب یہی ادارے اور تنظیمیں کورونا وائرس کی ویکسین پر کام کررہے ہیں ۔18 اکتوبر کو ہونے والی مشق کے شرکاء میں دنیا کے بڑے بینکوں ، بل اینڈ ملنڈا گیٹس فاؤنڈیشن ، ‏جانسن اینڈ جانسن ، لاجسٹیکل پاورہاؤسز،میڈیاکےنمائندوں کے علاوہ چین اور امریکی ادارے CDC کے نمائندے بھی شریک تھے۔ مشق میں باقاعدہ ماحول بنایا گیا کہ میڈیامیں کورونا وائرس کے پھیلنے سے تباہی کی بریکنگ رپورٹ آرہی ہیں ، شہری خوفزدہ ہیں اور حکومت سے اس کے تدارک کے لیے ‏اقدامات کرنے کا مطالبہ کررہے ہیں
ووہان میںZhengdian Scientific Park of Wuhan Institute of Virology میں Wuhan National Biosafety Laboratory لیول 3 اور لیول 4 واقع ہیں
لیبارٹری میں لیول کی درجہ بندی کسی بھی وائرس کومحفوظ رکھنے کے انتظامات کے حوالے سے کی جاتی ہے ۔ووہان کی لیبارٹری ‏میں کورونا وائرس پہنچانےمیں دوچینی سائنسدانوں کا نام لیا جاتا ہے
Dr. Xiangguo Qiu
جو ماہر وائرس بھی تھی، 1996 میں کینیڈا مزید تعلیم کے لیے آئی
ڈاکٹر چی کا شوہر Keding Cheng اس وقت کینیڈا کے شہر ونی پیگ کی لیبارٹری میںبطور بائیولوجسٹ میں کام کرتا ہے۔ یہ دونوں میاں بیوی ایبولا ‏اور سارس وائرس پر تحقیقی کام کرتے تھے گزشتہ جولائی میں CNBC نیوز نے رپورٹ کیا تھا کہ ونی پیگ کی لیبارٹری سے ایک چینی خاتون سائنسداں ، اس کے شوہر اور ان کے چند پوسٹ گریجویٹ طلبا کو حراست میں لیا گیاہے ۔ اس خبر کے ایک ماہ کے بعد CNBC نے مزید خبر دی کہ مذکورہ سائنسداں جوڑے نے ‏ایبولا اور Henipah کے وائرس ائر کینیڈا کی پرواز کے ذریعے 31 مارچ کو چین بھیجے تھے خبر کے مطابق وائرس کی شپمنٹ کے لیے تمام قواعد و ضوابط پر عمل کیا گیا تھا
کہا جاتا ہے کہ اسی شپمنٹ کے ذریعے کورونا وائرس بھی ووہان کی لیبارٹری بھجوایا گیا اور فالو اسٹوری میں بتایا گیا کہ ڈاکٹر چی ‏نے 2017 کے دوران چین کے پانچ دورے کیے جس میں چین کی لیول 4 کی نئی لیبارٹری کے ٹیکنیشنوں اور سائنسدانوں کو تربیت فراہم کی گئی ۔ یہ سائنسداں جوڑا اب بھی زیر حراست ہے ۔کورونا کا پیٹنٹ وائرس ونی پیگ کی لیبارٹری کے علاوہ انگلینڈ کی لیبارٹری سے اور بھی کئی ممالک کی ‏لیبارٹریوں کو فراہم کیا گیا

وہی ہوا جسکا ڈر تھا ، پہلے یہودی زائیونسٹ نے اپنے بائیو لاجیکل ہتھیار ( کورونہ وائرس ) سے دنیا کو خوف میں مبتلا کر کے تباہ کر دیا ، اب ٹرائیکا کا سربراہ ( اسرائیل ) کرونا کے خلاف میڈیسن بنا چکا ہے ، جانچ پڑتال رہ ‏گئی ہے ، چار سے پانچ ماہ میں دوا عام مارکیٹ میں دستیاب ہو گی
کل ہی تحریر کیا ہے کہ کورونہ کا توڑ اسرائیل کے پاس موجود ہے ، اب یہ دنیا میں خوف و ہراس پھیلانے کے بعد علاج کےنام پر کھربوں ڈالرز بناۓ گا ۔ ۔ ۔ جبکہ روس و چین بھی کوشش میں ہیں ، دوا بنانے کی ، چین جون تک کا وقت ‏مانگ رہا ہے ۔ خیر اصل ایشو کی طرف آتے ہیں

اگر اب اسرائیل کہتا ہے کہ دوا صرف ان ممالک کو ملے گی جو اسے تسلیم کریں گے ، جو ملک مجھے تسلیم نہیں کرے گا اسے دوا نہیں ملے گی ۔ ۔ ۔ پھر ؟

مزید تفصیل جاننے کیلئے میری ( ڈیل آف دی سنچری سیریز ) پڑھ لیں ۔ ۔ ۔

چین ، اٹلی ، ایران ‏تینوں ممالک کورونہ سے بری طرح متاثر ہوئے ، نوبت یہاں تک پہنچی 1962 کے بعد ایران نے پہلی مرتبہ آئ ایم ایف سے پانچ ارب ڈالر کا قرض مانگا ہے ، کورونہ سے لڑنے کیلئے ، اٹلی کو ون بیلٹ ، ون روڈ منصوبے میں شامل ہونے کی سزا ملی ،‏امریکہ کے منع کرنے کے باوجود وہ چین کے ساتھ شامل ہوا ، ایران میں چین اگلے پچیس سالوں میں 400 ارب ڈالر کی سرمایہ کاری کرنے جا رہا تھا ، چین ، امریکہ کی جنگ سب جانتے ہیں ۔ اب بھی کسی کو شک ہے کہ کورونہ بائیو لاجیکل ہتھیار نہیں ، وہ اپنی عقل کا ماتم کرے.

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