MLT

Urine Routine Examination:

𝐁𝐋𝐎𝐎𝐃 𝐓𝐑𝐀𝐍𝐒𝐅𝐔𝐒𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐑𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒:

𝟏. 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐞 (𝐍𝐨𝐧-𝐇𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐞𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞:
🟡Often due to the recipient's immune response to donor white blood cells or cytokines.

🟡Common in individuals who receive multiple transfusions.

𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬:

🟡Fever
🟡Chills
🟡Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
🟡Tachypnea (rapid breathing)
🟡Hypotension (low blood pressure)

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬:

🟡This is the most common type of transfusion reaction.
🟡Not typically life-threatening but can be uncomfortable.
🟡Preventable by using leukoreduced blood products.

𝟐. 𝐇𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐥𝐲𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞:

🔴Triggered by ABO or Rh incompatibility (e.g., transfusing the wrong blood type).
🔴Leads to rapid destruction of donor red blood cells (hemolysis) by the recipient's immune system.

𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬:

𝐌𝐢𝐥𝐝 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬:

🔴Fever
🔴Chills
🔴Headache
🔴Chest pain

𝐌𝐨𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐬𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐞 𝐜𝐚𝐬𝐞𝐬:

🔴Tachycardia
🔴Tachypnea
🔴Hypotension
🔴Hemoglobinuria (dark urine from
hemoglobin in urine)
🔴Apprehension or anxiety
🔴Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation (DIC): abnormal clotting
throughout the body
🔴Circulatory collapse: life-threatening

𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗲𝘀:

🔴This is a medical emergency.
🔴Requires immediate cessation of transfusion and intensive care support.

𝟑. 𝐀𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐢𝐜 𝐓𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:

𝐂𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞:

🔵Recipient allergic reaction to plasma
proteins in the donor blood.
🔵Occurs more frequently with
plasma-containing blood products.

𝐒𝐲𝐦𝐩𝐭𝐨𝐦𝐬:

🔵Urticaria (hives) / Rash
🔵Itching
🔵Bronchospasm (wheezing or difficulty
breathing)
🔵Anaphylaxis (severe, life-threatening
allergic response)

𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬:

🔵Usually mild and managed with
antihistamines.
🔵Severe reactions like anaphylaxis
require epinephrine and urgent care.
🔵Future transfusions may need
washed red blood cells to reduce
plasma protein exposure.

𝑪𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒊𝒑𝒔:

🔶Always verify blood type compatibility
before transfusion
🔶 Monitor vital signs frequently during
and after transfusion
🔶Stop transfusion immediately if a
reaction is suspected.
🔶 Report and document all transfusion
reactions for patient safety

Pic credit
https://lnkd.in/gnRRzwVC

𝐂𝐋𝐎𝐓𝐓𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐓𝐎𝐑𝐒:
The blood clotting process involves 13 factors, each with a specific role in coagulation. These are:

𝟏. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐈 - 𝐅𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧

A glycoprotein in the blood plasma that is converted to fibrin by thrombin during blood clotting.

𝟐. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐈 - 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐢𝐧

A precursor to thrombin, essential for clot formation.

𝟑. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐈𝐈 - 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧
(Tissue Factor)

A protein that activates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.

𝟒. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐕 - 𝐂𝐚𝐥𝐜𝐢𝐮𝐦 (𝐂𝐚𝟐+)

Essential for various enzymatic reactions in the clotting cascade.

𝟓. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐕 - 𝐋𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐞 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (Proaccelerin)

Works with Factor X to activate prothrombin.

𝟲. 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 𝗩𝗜𝗜 - 𝗦𝘁𝗮𝗯𝗹𝗲 𝗙𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗼𝗿 (Proconvertin)
(A key protein in the extrinsic clotting pathway)

𝟕. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐕𝐈𝐈𝐈 - 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐢-𝐡𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐜 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐀

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia A.

𝟖. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐈𝐗 - 𝐂𝐡𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐦𝐚𝐬 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 (Anti-hemophilic Factor B)

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia B.

𝟗. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗 - 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐭-𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

Activates thrombin, crucial for clot formation.

𝟏𝟎. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗𝐈 - 𝐏𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐦𝐚 𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐛𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧 𝐀𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐜𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭

Deficiency leads to Hemophilia C.

𝟏𝟏. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗𝐈𝐈 - 𝐇𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐦𝐚𝐧 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫

Activates the intrinsic pathway, playing a role in inflammation.

𝟏𝟐. 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐗𝐈𝐈𝐈 - 𝐅𝐢𝐛𝐫𝐢𝐧-𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
Strengthens and stabilizes the fibrin clot.

🔹Mnemonic to Remember Clotting Factors

🔹The mnemonic in the image helps in memorizing the factors:

🔹"Foolish People Try Climbing Long Slopes After Christmas, Some People Have Fallen."

🟡F→ Fibrinogen
🟡P →Prothrombin
🟡T→ Thromboplastin
🟡C →Calcium
🟡L →Labile Factor
🟡S →Stable Factor
🟡A →Anti-hemophilic Factor A
🟡C →Christmas Factor
🟡S →Stuart-Prower Factor
🟡P → Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent
🟡H → Hageman Factor

Formation of Blood Clots (Hemostasis)

🔵𝟏. 𝐃𝐚𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐝 𝐁𝐥𝐨𝐨𝐝 𝐕𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐥

Blood vessel injury leads to the activation of platelets.

Platelets adhere to the damaged site and release clotting factors.

🔵𝟐. 𝐑𝐞𝐩𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐕𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐥 𝐖𝐚𝐥𝐥

The fibrin network strengthens the clot.

Eventually, the clot is dissolved once healing is complete.

𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞:

⚫Hemophilia: Deficiency of Factor VIII (Hemophilia A) or Factor IX (Hemophilia B).

⚫Vitamin K Deficiency: Affects Factors II, VII, IX, and X, leading to prolonged bleeding.

⚫Thrombosis: Excessive clotting can lead to deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or stroke.