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📖📖Every language has its own idioms and expressions and the English language has plenty of phrases that are useful to learn. Idioms are words or phrases that aren’t meant to be taken literally and usually have a cultural meaning behind them. Most of the English idioms you hear are offering advice but also contain some underlying principles and values. Learning English idioms and expressions can take some time but there are some of them that are more popular than others that will come in handy if you know them. When you learn English idioms and phrases you will sound more confident especially when you speak with native English speakers. If you can’t understand idioms you will not be able to understand the context. That is why we have gathered some of the most common English idioms and phrases so you will understand the true meaning.

👉🏿👉🏿Now let us learn what is the meaning of the following idiomatic expressions.
1. ‘The best of both worlds’ – means you can enjoy two different opportunities at the same time.
“By working part-time and looking after her kids two days a week she managed to get the best of both worlds.”

2. ‘Speak of the devil’ – this means that the person you’re just talking about actually appears at that moment.
“Hi Tom, speak of the devil, I was just telling Sara about your new car.”

3. ‘See eye to eye’ – this means agreeing with someone.
“They finally saw eye to eye on the business deal.”

4. ‘Once in a blue moon' – an event that happens infrequently.

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“I only go to the cinema once in a blue moon.”

Let us learn some of the basic types of Figure of Speech.😊
✍🏻There is a wide range of different types of figures of speech that are used in our daily communication. Let us take a look at some of the most popular ones that are used extensively:

✔️✔️Personification
👉🏼👉🏼Personification is a figure of speech that attributes human nature or human qualities to abstract or inanimate objects. For example, we often use the phrases like the howling wind, dancing leaves, time flies, etc. Some examples of personification in a sentence are:
T 👉🏼he opportunity knocked at his door
👉🏼The plants in her house silently begged to be watered

✔️✔️Metaphor
👉🏼👉🏼A metaphor is a figure of speech that is used for implying a comparison between two things that have something in common but are in general different from each other. Some examples of the usage of metaphors in a sentence is as follows:
👉🏼It is raining cats and dogs
👉🏼He is the star of our class

✔️✔️Simile
👉🏼👉🏼A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things that are different from each other but have similar qualities. These are generally formed through the usage of the words ‘as’ or ‘like’. Some examples of similes in a sentence include:
👉🏼He is as brave as a lion
👉🏼Her expression was as cold as ice

✔️✔️Alliteration
👉🏼👉🏼Alliteration is a type of figure of speech in which a sentence consists of a series of words that have the same consonant sound at the beginning. Some popular examples of alliteration in a sentence include:
👉🏼She sells seashells on the seashore
👉🏼A good cook could cook as many cookies as a good cook who could cook cookies

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✔️✔️What is an adjective?
Adjectives are words that describe the qualities or states of being of nouns: enormous, doglike, silly, yellow, fun, fast. They can also describe the quantity of nouns: many, few, millions, eleven.

✔️Adjectives modify nouns
👉👉Most students learn that adjectives are words that modify (describe) nouns. Adjectives do not modify verbs or adverbs or other adjectives.
👉Margot wore a beautiful hat to the pie-eating contest.
👉👉But adjectives can do more than just modify nouns. They can also act as a complement to linking verbs or the verb to be. A linking verb is a verb like to feel, to seem, or to taste that describes a state of being or a sensory experience.
👉That cow sure is happy.
👉It smells gross in the locker room.

✔️✔️Uses of adjectives
✔️Adjectives tell the reader how much—or how many—of something you’re talking about, which thing you want to be passed to you, or which kind of something you want.
👉Please use three white flowers in the arrangement.
✍🏻Three and white are modifying flowers.

Often, when adjectives are used together, you should separate them with a comma or conjunction. See “Coordinate Adjectives” below for more detail.
👉I’m looking for a small, good-tempered dog to keep as a pet.

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What Are Participles And How Do You Use Them?
Participles. They’re verbs, they’re adjectives, they’re perfect and progressive! Is there anything they can’t do?

🤷🏾‍♂️If you’re wondering what a participle does, you’re not alone. These mighty verbs take many forms and can be tricky to master. Let’s explore the different types.

✅What is a participle?
👉🏽To start, participles are words derived from verbs that can function as adjectives or as parts of verb phrases to create verb tenses.

👉🏽Put simply, that means a participle will look like a verb (running) but may have a different role in the sentence: the running water. That participle is describing the water and performing the function of an adjective.

Three types of participles
1. Past participle
✅For regular verbs, adding -ed to the base form creates the past participle.
👉🏻For example, the past participle of cook is cooked.

✅Past participles formed from irregular verbs may have endings like -en, -t, -d, and -n.
👉🏻Examples include swollen, burnt, hoped, and broken.
Some past participles remain the same as the base forms of irregular verbs, like set and cut.

2. Present participle
✅Adding -ing to the base form of a verb creates the present participle.
👉🏻For example, eat is the base form of the verb to eat.
The present participle of eat is eating. Present participles always end in -ing.
👉🏻Other examples of present participles include swimming, laughing, and playing.

3. Perfect participle
🙌🏻 And there’s more!
✅ Combining the word having with the past participle of a word creates the perfect participle. Perfect participles demonstrate that an action was completed in the past.
👉🏻Examples of perfect participles include having watched, having arrived, and having slept.

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The verb be is used as an auxiliary verb and it can also be used as a main verb. The verb be is irregular. It has eight different forms: be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been.
✔️The present simple and past simple tenses make more changes than those of other verbs.
👉 I am late. We are late.
👉 You are late. You are late.
👉 He is late. They are late.
👉 I was late. We were late.
👉 You were late. You were late.
👉 She was late. They were late.

✔️The present participle is being.
👉He is being very helpful these days.

✔️The past participle is been.
👉 We have been ready for an hour.

✔️The present simple tense forms of be are often contracted in normal speech. Note that the contracted form of they are is spelled they’re, and not there which is the possessive form of they.
👉 I’m here. We’re here.
👉 You’re here. You’re here.
👉 He’s here. They’re here.

✔️Any form of be is made negative by adding not immediately after it. In the speech, some forms of be also have contracted negative forms. Some of these forms emphasize the negative.
👉 I’m not late.
👉 You aren’t late. You’re not late.
👉 He isn’t late. He’s not late.
👉 We aren’t late. We’re not late.
👉 They aren’t late. They’re not late.

✔️The major uses of be as an auxiliary verb are to form continuous tenses and the passive.
👉🏻👉🏻Continuous tenses of main verbs use the appropriate form of be, present or past, followed by the present participle (or -ing form).
👉🏻👉🏻The passive form of the main verb uses the appropriate form of be followed by the past participle.

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Gerunds and Infinitives
Gerunds and infinitives are sometimes referred to as verb complements. .
✔️What are Gerunds?
A gerund is a verb in its ing (present participle) form that functions as a noun that names an activity rather than a person or thing. Any action verb can be made into a gerund.

✔️Verbing (Present Participle)
Add -ing to most verbs.

For verbs that end in e, remove the e and add ing.

For verbs that end in ie, change the ie to y and add ing.

For a verb whose last syllable is written with a consonant-vowel-consonant and is stressed, double the last letter before adding ing.

Gerund Examples
Gerunds can appear at the beginning of a sentence when used as a subject:
Jogging is a hobby of mine.
Gerunds can act as an object following the verb:
Daniel quit smoking a year ago.
Gerunds can serve as an object after a preposition:
I look forward to helping you paint the house.

✔️What are Infinitives?
An infinitive is a verb form that acts as other parts of speech in a sentence. It is formed with to + base form of the verb. Ex: to buy, to work.

✔️Infinitive Examples
Infinitives can be used as:
an object following the verb:
Jim always forgets to eat
a subject at the beginning of a sentence:
To travel around the world requires a lot of time and money.
an adverb modifying a verb:
You promised to buy me a diamond ring.
an adjective modifying a noun:
Tara has the ability to succeed.


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In order to punctuate sentences correctly and avoid fragments, we need to know the difference between
two kinds of word groups: phrases and clauses.😊
We can see the difference in the following two groups of words:
1. the bus to Eastmont Mall
2. the bus goes to Eastmont Mall

✔️In the second group of words, we can identify a subject-verb unit, while in the first we cannot.

✔️To find the subject-verb units in sentences, follow these two steps:
1. First find the verb by applying the time test: change the time or tense of the sentence; the word
you change is the verb.
In number 2, we can change
👉🏼 The bus goesto Eastmont Mall.
👉🏼to: The bus went to Eastmont Mall. (yesterday)
👉🏼 or: The bus will go to Eastmont Mall. (tomorrow)

✔️When we change the time, we have to change goes to went or to will go, so to go is the verb.
2. To find the subject, ask "Who or what does the action of the verb?” What “goes?” The answer is
the bus, so the bus is the subject of the verb.
(Alternatively, one can ask what is the first noun in the sentence, and that is almost always going to
be the subject of the sentence.)

✔️DEFINITION OF CLAUSE AND PHRASE:
✔️A clause is a group of words with a subject-verb unit; the 2nd group of words contains the
subject-verb unit the bus goes, so it is a clause.
✔️ A phrase is a group of words without a subject-verb unit. If we try to change the time or tense of the last group of words, we cannot, because it contains no word that changes to show time or
tense. It has no verb, so it can't have a subject-verb unit. It is a phrase.

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What is the difference between “have been, has been, and had been”?
Are you struggling to use the correct form when you’re speaking or writing in English?😊

👉🏾Usage of “Have Been & Has Been”
✔️‘Has been’ and ‘have been’ suggest an action that started in the past, but continues in the present.

✔️When we are talking about the present:
If the subject of a sentence is I – You – We – They or a plural noun (cars, birds, children) we use ‘have been‘.
Examples:
☛A total of five cars have been stolen from the city center.
☛Birds have been following me all day long.

✔️If the subject of the sentence is He – She – It or a singular noun (car, bird, child) we use ‘has been‘.
Examples:
☛My car has been stolen from the city center.
☛This bird has been following me all day long.

👉🏾Usage of “Had Been”
✔️When we are talking about the past: for any subject (I, You, He, She, It, We, They) we use ‘had been‘.
✔️“Had been,”, suggests an action that both began and ended in the past.
✔️We use the past perfect continuous to indicate that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past.
✔️To show time reference “for” and “since” are used and it describes when the action started and how long it continued in the past.
✔️“For ten minutes”, “for five weeks”, “for two months” are durations that can be used with the past perfect continuous.
Examples:
☛I had been reading articles on the English language for three hours.
☛How long had you been studying English before you moved to London?
☛I had been shopping with my wife in the market since morning.

👉🏾Difference between ‘Have been’ – ‘Had been’
✔️Present perfect ‘have/has been ‘ is used when describing an action completed in the recent past and still assumes importance in the present.

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Let's make fun learning with this Antonym Exercise.
GUESS my OPPOSITE!
1. Agree → _____________
2. ___________ → intolerant
3. Lead → _____________
4. boy → _____________
5. above → _____________

✔️Antonyms are words that have to contrast, or the opposite, meanings. Like so much of the English language, “antonym” is rooted in the Greek language. The Greek word anti means opposite, while onym means name. Opposite name – that makes sense!

✔️You may be interested to know that there are three different kinds of antonyms. Let’s take a look at each one:
👉Complementary: Complementary antonyms have no middle ground.
Example:
boy — girl
👉Relational: These are similar to complementary antonyms, except that both must exist for them to be antonyms of each other.
Check out this example:
above — below
✔️Add a Prefix to Create an Antonym
✔️Sometimes, you don’t need to search for another word entirely. It’s possible to create an antonym simply by adding a prefix to the word.
👉Example of antonyms created by adding the prefix dis- :
Check out this example:
Agree → disagree
👉Adding the prefix in- can make the following opposites:
Check out this example:
Tolerant → intolerant
👉Using the prefix mis- create antonyms like:
Check out this example:
Behave → misbehave

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Let us learn what is Synonyms.😊

✔️In the Question: What is the synonym of the underlined word?
"Children like to feel that they can do things independently."
✔️The answer can be "alone" is it is synonymous to "independently"

Now, what do we mean by Synonyms?
✔️A synonym is a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given language.
✔️The answer can be "alone" is it is synonymous with "independently"mmence, and initiate are all synonyms of one another: they are synonymous.
✔️The standard test for synonymy is substitution: one form can be replaced by another in a sentence without changing its meaning. Words are considered synonymous in only one particular sense:
👉for example, long and extended in the context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family.
✔️Synonyms with exactly the same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe, whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field.

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Let us learn how to differentiate between the English homophones: He's or His.

✔️Lets start with He's:

👉🏿 'He's' is only a contraction of he is or he was...or he has.
👉🏿 So, if you are not sure if it's his or he is, just try to replace he's with he is/was or he has.

☑️Here are examples:
He's only a small boy. ...he is
He's left the stage. ...he has

👉🏿He's is used to define the state in which someone is.
He's in a really bad mood.
He's having a mood swing.

👉🏿Or it can be used when stating the present or past location of the person in question.
He's exited the store.
He's leaving the website. (He's can be used when stating the place the person was on. In this case, it was the Internet.)

✔️Let us continue with His.

👉🏿His is a possessive adjective used to define the belongings of a certain individual.
This is his lunch box.
That's his crayon.

👉🏿Fun fact:
His is used in titles

☑️For example:
His Majesty.

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Have you ever had difficulties knowing when to use either and neither? How about nor and or? When you learn English, it helps to know little grammar tricks that help you tell the difference between words like these.😊

👉🏻Either and neither can be used in several ways: adverbs, determiners, pronouns, and conjunctions.

👉🏻ADVERBS
✔️When we find them behaving like adverbs, both either and neither become linking words.
> I don't like spinach. - Neither do I.
> I don't like mushrooms. - No, I don't like them either.
👉🏻DETERMINERS
✔️In the case of determiners, either and neither are positioned before the noun.
> The house has a door at either end.
> Neither journalist could finish their articles; there wasn't enough time.
👉🏻PRONOUNS
✔️either/neither followed by of + noun phrase
✔️When they act as pronouns either means 'one or the other' while neither indicates 'not one or the other'
> Both these roads go to Rome; you can go either way.
> Neither of my arms is strong enough to lift that suitcase.
👉🏻CONJUNCTION
In all the cases in which we find "either" and "neither" as conjunctions, we also find them combined with "or" and "nor".
✔️either/or - They are used together to offer a choice between two things
> You can either call me at home or at the office.
> Either mum or dad will come to pick you up.
✔️neither/nor - When they're paired up they negate both parts of a statement.
> Neither the blue one nor the red is available in size 4.
> I will neither call you nor send you a message before midnight.

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