Seismic Analysis and Design

These are the trilinear force deformation backbone curve for concrete and reinforcement bars (M20 concrete and Fe500), as well as the moment rotation hinge to be modeled in PERFORM 3D.
Keep following this research paper for more details:

https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-025-00669-7
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/393797021_Hysteretic_energy_evaluation_of_typical_low-rise_reinforced_concrete_frame_buildings_in_Nepal

Those who are interested

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In the newly updated Nepal National Building Code, the spectral shape factor for the Equivalent Static Method and for the Modal Response Spectrum Method has been revised to incorporate velocity-sensitive zones, aligning with international building codes.

Please read and comment on this research article focusing on the seismic response of low-rise buildings based on RUD guidelines of Nepal.

Seismic Performance Evaluation of Low-Rise Reinforced Concrete Framed Buildings with Ready-to-Use Guidelines (RUD-NBC 205:2024) in Nepal Earthquakes remain among the most destructive natural hazards, causing severe loss of life and property in seismically active regions such as Nepal. Major events such as the 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake (Mw 8.2), the 2015 Gorkha earthquake (Mw 7.8), and the 2023 Jajarkot earthquake (ML 6.4) have re...

In NBC 105:2025, a new load combination including vertical seismic action has been introduced, which was not considered in the earlier NBC 105. The vertical seismic effect is represented by a coefficient
2/3Z, where Z is the seismic zone coefficient (PGA), to account for vertical ground acceleration. This provision applies selectively to horizontal or nearly horizontal structures sensitive to vertical seismic effects, such as long spans of 20m, cantilevers more than 5m, for beams supporting columns, base-isolated structures, and prestressed systems.

These photos show retrofitting work involving column jacketing and footing enlargement. Additional reinforcement is provided around an existing RCC column, and the footing area is increased with new reinforcement and concrete. This strengthens the column–foundation connection, increases load-carrying capacity, and improves seismic performance of the structure.