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illustrates the concept of hydrostatic pressure and how it can lead to water infiltration in a basement.

Here's how it works:

1. Water Accumulation: When it rains or the ground becomes saturated with water, the water level around the foundation rises.

2. Hydrostatic Pressure: This accumulated water exerts pressure on the foundation walls. The pressure increases with the depth of the water.

3. Water Infiltration: If the foundation is not properly waterproofed, the hydrostatic pressure can force water into cracks or gaps in the foundation walls, leading to leaks and flooding in the basement.

Ways to mitigate hydrostatic pressure:

* Proper Drainage: Installing drainage systems like perimeter drains and sump pumps can help to remove excess water from around the foundation.
* Waterproof Membranes: Applying a waterproof membrane to the exterior of the foundation can create a barrier against water pe*******on.
* Interior Waterproofing: Applying a waterproof coating or sealant to the interior walls can help to prevent water from seeping through.

Overall, the image demonstrates the importance of understanding hydrostatic pressure and taking appropriate measures to protect a basement from water damage.

If you'd like, you can ask me about specific waterproofing techniques or other ways to prevent water infiltration in a basement.

FORMULA PENGIRAAN UNTUK KERJA :
- BATA - PLASTER - MOZEK - KONKRIT

Formula Pengiraan Bata :
Cari keluasan tembok iaitu = Panjang tembok x tinggi tembok Contoh 1: Panjang 5m dan tinggi 3m = 5 m x 3 m = 15m² = 15 m x 60 biji/ketul ( 1 m² bersamaan 60 biji bata untuk ikatan Stretcher) Jumlah bata = 900 ketul Pengiraan Mortar ( Bancuhan 1 : 4) Ada dua kaedah pengiraan mortar iaitu : iBerpandukan bilangan bata = 900 ketul x 0.5/1000 = 0.45 m³ ii.Berpandukan keluasan tembok = 15 m² x 0.03 = 0.45 m³ Simen = 1/5 x 0.45m³ = 0.09 m³ Dalam kiraan beg/kampit = 0.09 m³ x 28.25 bag/kampit = 2.5 bag Pasir = 4/5 x 0.45 m³ = 0.36 m³

IKATAN STRETCHER / SISI BATA (1/2 BATA TEBAL) PENGIRAAN BATA : Fornula Pengiraan Bata : Cari keluasan tembok iaitu = Panjang tembok x tinggi tembok Contoh 2. = Panjang 5m dan tinggi 3m = 5 m x 3 m = 15m² = 15 m x 120 biji/ketul ( 1 m² bersamaan 120 biji bata untuk ikatan 1 bata tebal) Jumlah bata = 1800 ketul Pengiraan Mortar ( Bancuhan 1 : 4)

Ada dua kaedah pengiraan mortar iaitu : iBerpandukan bilangan bata = 1800 ketul x 0.5/1000 = 0.90 m³ ii.Berpandukan keluasan tembok = 15 m² x 0.06 = 0.90 m³ Simen = 1/5 x 0.90m³ = 0.18 m³ Dalam kiraan beg/kampit = 0.18 m³ x 28.25 bag/kampit = 5 bag Pasir = 4/5 x 0.90 m³ = 0.72 m³

KERJA-KERJA MELEPA FORMULA : Panjang x Lebar 25 m x 3 m 75 m² Ketebalan lepaan 19 mm = 75 m² x 0.019mm Jumlah Mortar = 1. 43 M³ Jumlah Simen = 1.43 M³ x 1/5 = 0.286 M³ Kiraan dalam beg/kampit 0.286 x 28.25 8 beg/kampit Jumlah Pasir = 1.43 m³ x 4/5 = 1.14m³

KERJA-KERJA JUBIN FORMULA PENGIRAAN JUBIN : LUAS KAWASAN LUAS ÷ JUBIN Contoh 1: Juka saiz jubin 300 mm x 300 mm Luas Kawasan = panjang x lebar = 25 m x 3 m = 75 M² Luas Jubin = 300mm x 300mm = 0.300 m x 0.300 m = 0.09 m² Bilangan Jubin = 75 m² ÷ 0.09 m² = 834 keping

KIRAAN MORTAR PELEKAT (MORTAR BED) FORMULA : Panjang x Lebar 25 m x 3 m 75 m² Ketebalan mortar 20 mm = 75 m² x 0.020mm Jumlah Mortar = 1.5 M³ Jumlah Simen = 1.5 M³ x 1/5 = 0.30 M³ Kiraan dalam beg/kampit = 0.30x 28.25 = 8.5 beg/kampit Jumlah Pasir = 1.5 m³ x 4/5 = 1.2 m³ KIRAAN PELEKAT ADHESIVE FORMULA : Panjang x Lebar = 25 m x 3 m = 75 m² Ketebalan adhesive 5 mm = 75 m² x 0.005m Jumlah Mortar = 0.37 M³

PENGIRAAN ISIPADU KONKRIT FORMULA = Panjang x Lerbar x Tinggi = 15 m x 5 m x 1 m Isipadu konkrit = 75 m³ ( Nisbah Bancuhan 1:2:4 ) Jumlah simen = 1/7 x 75 m³ = 10.72 m³ Kiraan Dalam Beg/Kampit = 10.72 x 28.25 beg/kampit = 303 bag/kampit Jumlah Pasir = 2/7 x 75 m³ = 21.43 m³ Jumlah Batu = 2/7 x 75 m³ = 42.86 m³ KAEDAH PENGIRAAN ATAP Luas kawasan ÷ Luas Atap = Bilangan Atap (keping) Contoh Pengiraan: Luas Kawasan = 15m x 5m = 75 m² = 75 m² bersamaan 807 k² Bilangan Atap = 807 k ² ÷1 k² = 807 keping Nota: Anggaran Pingiraan a) 1m3 simen = 28.25/bag b) 1 m² bersamaan 10.76 k²)