dr.umar_murad

Some, and 💁

💁

✔️Normal Kidney
A healthy kidney has a normal size, smooth shape, and clear distinction between the cortex and medulla on ultrasound. The tissue appears uniform, and echogenicity remains within normal limits. At this stage, the kidneys are functioning normally and efficiently filtering waste products from the body.
🟢 Early Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
In the early stages of kidney disease, the kidneys may still appear normal or only slightly enlarged on ultrasound. The internal kidney structures remain visible, with only mild or subtle changes. Many cats at this stage may show few or no clinical signs, making routine health screening especially important.
🟡 Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
As kidney disease progresses, the kidneys often begin to shrink and appear brighter on ultrasound due to tissue changes. The distinction between the cortex and medulla becomes less clear, and areas of fibrosis (scarring) may develop. At this stage, affected cats may start showing signs such as increased thirst, increased urination, weight loss, or reduced appetite.
🟠 Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Advanced kidney disease is characterized by noticeably smaller kidneys with irregular contours and marked loss of normal internal architecture. The kidneys appear very bright on ultrasound, and cysts or mineralization may be present. Clinical signs are usually more pronounced, and ongoing medical management becomes essential to maintain quality of life.
🔴 End-Stage Kidney Disease
In end-stage kidney disease, the kidneys are severely shrunken and have lost almost all normal structure. Ultrasound often reveals extreme brightness, severe scarring, and complete loss of corticomedullary differentiation. Kidney function is critically impaired, and intensive supportive care is usually required to help manage the patient's condition.
📌 Important Note:
Ultrasound findings alone cannot determine the exact stage of kidney disease. A complete assessment should include blood tests (creatinine, urea, SDMA), urinalysis, blood pressure measurement, and clinical evaluation to accurately diagnose and monitor chronic kidney disease in cats.

💁 Classification of drugs in emergency

💁 Pathology or post mortem Findings?

💁 refers to the network of vessels (arteries and veins) that supply and drain the heart muscle (myocardium).

Key Vessels: Left and right coronary arteries arise from the aorta, delivering blood to the heart tissue.

Function:
Ensures the heart receives constant oxygen and nutrients to maintain continuous pumping.

💁 Gallus Gallus Domesticus relationship

Evolution of Torti and Calico 🐈‍⬛🐈

An old photograph of University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, UVAS, Lahore reimagined as a watercolor painting. Sometimes art helps us see the past with new colors. 💁

Painting Credit: ChatGPT

Regular check up is far much better than extraction 💁

Cyanosis it's deoxygenated 💁