Zoom In Biology

Eid Mubarak to you all! I wish you and your family a happy, healthy and joyful Eid 😊

Human Mouth Bacteria
this photo by

Human Mouth Bacteria - Wholemount - Prepared Microscope Slide - 75x25mm Single, prepared slide of bacteria from the human mouth Shows the variety of bacteria that can be present in human mouth Great for microbiology classrooms, as well as for curious scientists Slide measures 75mm wide and 25mm long Arrives in a protective cardboard casing Single, prepared microscope sl...

A plasmid is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, which necessarily has an origin of replication, so that it can replicate autonomously . over cell multiplication. Plasmids are found in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) and eukaryotes (including yeasts).
The plasmids used in biomolecular research can be much more complex, and in particular also contain cloning cassettes, which are in fact short sequences recognized by restriction enzymes capable of cutting DNA at the level of these sequences.
from :
futura-sciences
photo by :
bioeduc

Silent mutations create problems with exonic splicing enhancers (ESEs), resulting in changes in mRNA processing of the genetic information. ESE motifs are sequences between three and eight nucleotides long and are found near the end of exons within what will be the coding sequence of the final mRNA. Functionally, they define the sites of exon splicing. Silent mutations, although they code for the same amino acid, are not synonymous with respect to the ESE and can interfere with the ESE’s ability to promote efficient splicing or to direct splicing in the correct place on the nucleic acid sequence. In some cases, alterations in an ESE can lead to a loss of splicing at that exon border.
From : https://www.sciencedirect.com/.../biochem.../silent-mutation
-E.T. Dickson, P. Hyman, in Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), 2013
Photo by
futura - sciences

Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation.
Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. In translation, the instructions in mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome. Then, rRNA helps bonds form between the amino acids, producing a polypeptide chain.
After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processing to form the finished protein.
Protein synthesis from
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/.../5-6-protein.../

Different types of mutation-
Molecular genetics made simple - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/.../Different-types-of... [accessed 12 Feb, 2022]
By Heba Kassem