Beatbeat

Captola Ulalah Cook, in front of her home on the Pamunkey Reservation in King William County, Virginia - Pamunkey - 1919
{Note: Captola Ulala Cook was born in 1893, in King William County, Virginia, the daughter of Wahansacook (aka George Major Cook) & Theodora Octavia Dennis. Later, Captola Ulalah Cook married Issac Henry Miles. Mrs. Captola Ulalah (Cook) Miles died in 1973.}

Mrs. Nannie G. Miles and her husband, Paul Leonard Miles on the Pamunkey Reservation in King William County, Virginia - Pamunkey - taken sometime before the death of Mrs. Nannie G. Miles in 1949.

Southern Cheyenne sisters in El Reno, Oklahoma Territory - circa 1895

After the Civil War, several Native communities, like the Cheyenne, took in black people displaced by the war, including orphaned children. They had little to offer but they opened their homes and integrated them into their communities and families.
Mrs. Amos Chapman, her daughter, sister (Cheyenne), and a girl of African-American descent. 1886

Let's show this little Cowgirl our support. She's the only native American girl running in this year's competition for Miss Rodeo New Mexico. This year the pageant and talents show will be held in Ruidoso..
We are all so proud of you!!!

Dahteste (Tah-das-te) .(1860–1955)
Dahteste was a famous Apache woman warrior, and it was widely known that she could out-ride, out-shoot, out-hunt, out-run, and out-fight her peers, both male and female. She took part in battles and raiding parties alongside her husband and best friend Lozen, another Apache woman warrior. She and Lozen were good friends with Geronimo, and he chose her to be his official translator in his talks with the US Cavalry. After negotiating treaties with the US government, she was imprisoned in Alabama and Florida, and later, Fort Sill, surviving both tuberculosis and pneumonia. 19 years later, she was released and lived out the rest of her life on the Mescalero Apache reservation.

Born in 1913, Ellison Brown was the fifth of eight children to Otis Brown and Grace Ethel Babcock. As a child, Ellison earned the nickname “Tarzan” for his love of climbing and swinging from trees. His traditional Narragansett name was “Deerfoot.” At 12, Ellison left school to help provide for his family, working as a manual laborer at Woods River Junction railroad. Following in the Narragansett tradition, Ellison’s father taught him stonemasonry.
At 16, Brown started formal marathon training with Tippy Salimeno as his trainer. He ran his first Boston Marathon in 1933. In 1935, Brown ran with the support of his tribal community, finishing in 13th place only two days after his mother’s passing. One of his mother’s last wishes was that he run the race. Ellison showed up wearing an outfit made out of one of her dresses and finished the last 6 miles barefoot, after complaining about his shoes. Brown was often a showman-sometimes racing ahead so he had time to rest or eat.
Brown took first place in both the 1936 and 1939 Boston Marathons. Heartbreak Hill got its name in the 1936 race, when Johnny Kelley reportedly hit Ellison on the backside, which spurred him to victory, breaking Kelley’s heart. After this win, Tarzan headed to Berlin with the U.S. Olympic team. He could not finish the race due to an injury and unfortunate disqualification. Although making the 1940 Olympic team, the games were cancelled due to WWII.
Brown was the first runner to break the 2-hour-30-minute mark for the marathon. In 1936, Brown won back to back marathons: the first in New York, followed by a race in New Hampshire, to which he hitchhiked overnight. These races took a toll and Brown suffered a double hernia later that week. Ellison often pushed himself beyond the breaking point because his winnings helped provide for his family.
In 1973, Tarzan was inducted into the National Indian Athletic Hall of Fame in Lawrence, Kansas. The following year, a dinner was hosted in his honor in Rhode Island. Hundreds came to celebrate, including many people from his marathon days. Even Johnny Kelley didn’t miss the event!
Tragically, Brown was murdered in Westerly in August of 1975. He was struck by a vehicle while outside a bar in Misquamicut. Charges were filed against the driver, a young Connecticut man who had argued with Brown in the parking lot. Although gone, Brown will never be forgotten.

Yellow Kidney (the son of Wounded Mouth or White Bear Medicine and Kills In The Brush) - Blackfeet (Pikuni)

Charlo (also Charlot; Claw of the Little Grizzly or Small Grizzly-Bear Claw) (c. 1830-1910) was the leader of the Bitterroot Salish from 1870 to 1910.
Charlo was born around 1830, before there was a permanent white colony in what is now Montana. His father was Chief Victor (a lot of horses or a lot of horses). Charlo grew up in the Bitterroot Valley, the ancestral home of his people, where every landscape had a coyote story, tribal event, or family history attached to it. The inhabitants of Charlo practiced a seasonal walk, going once or twice a year in the plains to hunt buffalo. During Charlo’s childhood, the Radiceamara Salish were recovering from a population decline caused by smallpox and wars fueled by the westward movement of the plains tribes who had driven the Great Plains Salish in previous generations. In 1841, Jesuit priests opened the Sainte-Marie Mission in the Bitterroot Valley, which became a religious and social center for the tribe. It also became Montana's first permanent white colony. So when Charlo came of age, his people were taken in a diplomatic dance to forge alliances with western tribes, to defend their ancestral buffalo hunting rights in the face of pressure from the plains tribes, and to maintain peace. peace with the growing white population. Charles married a woman named Margaret, and they had three children: Martin, Ann Felix and Victor.
In 1855 the Treaty of Hellgate was signed and he became a major force influencing Charlo's path. This treaty between the Salish, Pend d'Oreilles and Kootenais and the United States government provided for the Flathead Indian Reservation in the lower valley of the Flathead River and a second provisional reserve in the Bitterroot Valley. The treaty called for an inquiry into the Bitterroot Valley, after which the President would decide which valley would be "best suited to the needs of the Flathead Tribe." The treaty also promised to keep the Bitterroot Valley closed to white settlement until the investigation was completed. The treaty effectively weakened the Salish tribe's legal claims to Bitterroot Valley. Father Adrian Hoecken, SJ, watched the council's work and thought the treaty was a joke, writing: “What a tragic and ridiculous comedy the whole council has demonstrated. It would take too long to write everything down - oh well! Not a tenth of this was really understood by either side, as Ben Kyser [the translator] speaks very poorly and is not good at translating into English. Congress did not ratify the treaty until 1859, leaving the Salish people in limbo. When the treaty was finally ratified, the government messed up almost everything. In particular, the government never fully examined the valley as promised and, distracted by the civil war, languished over whether to create a reserve in the Bitterroot Valley. He also failed to keep the white settlers out of Bitterroot as promised.
Charlo spent the rest of his life trying to hold the US government accountable for keeping its promises and standing up for the rights of his people to set aside land against white efforts to open up the reservation.

Bear Who Walks on a Ridge.
Northern Cheyenne. He took part in the Battle of Little Bighorn in June 1876.
In 1977 he surrendered to General Miles in Yellowstone. He became a scout for the army in 1880. He was also known as Ridge Walker.

"Grandma how do you deal with pain?"
"With your hands, dear. When you do it with your mind, the pain hardens even more."
“With your hands, grandma?"
"Yes, yes. Our hands are the antennas of our Soul. When you move them by sewing, cooking, painting, touching the earth or sinking them into the earth, they send signals of caring to the deepest part of you and your Soul calms down. This way she doesn't have to send pain anymore to show it.
"Are hands really that important?"
"Yes my girl. Think of babies: they get to know the world thanks to their touch.
When you look at the hands of older people, they tell more about their lives than any other part of the body.
Everything that is made by hand, so it is said, is made with the heart because it really is like this: hands and heart are connected.
Think of lovers: When their hands touch, they love each other in the most sublime way."
"My hands grandma... how long since I used them like that!"
"Move them my love, start creating with them and everything in you will move.
The pain will not pass away. But it will be the best masterpiece. And it won't hurt as much anymore, because you managed to embroider your Essence.”

Why was Custer defeated?
Custer was defeated at the Battle of the Little Bighorn because he made a lot of fundamental errors.
1. He acted alone - even though Gibbon's last words to him were - Custer, don't be greedy. Wait for us.
2. Instead of going round the Wolf Mountains, Custer force-marched his men through the mountains. His troops and horses arrived tired after the long march.
3. He weakened his forces by dividing them into three - although this was classic US Army tactics.
4. He expected the Sioux warriors to scatter and run. Instead they outmanoeuvred and surrounded him.
5. He was hugely outnumbered.
6. He was arrogant and over-confident, and wanted the victory to bolster his political ambitions, he was considering running for President in future. He ignored the advice of his Crow scouts to wait for reinforcements.
7. The Sioux leaders - especially Crazy Horse - were expert and experienced generals.
8. The Native Americans regarded the war as their last chance - they fought with desperation.
9. The Sioux were determined - The whites want a war and we will give it to them, said Chief Sitting Bull.
10. Custer had poor information - he did not know how big the Sioux army was, nor that they were armed with Wi******er repeating rifles.
Although Crazy Horse may have won the Battle of Little Bighorn, it was only a temporary halt to the advances of the Plains settlers and American army. If anything, it made them more determined to force the Native Americans onto smaller and smaller reservations.