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UTF-8

To meet the requirements of byte-oriented, ASCII-based systems, a third encoding form is
specified by the Unicode Standard: UTF-8. This variable-width encoding form preserves
ASCII transparency by making use of 8-bit code units.
Byte-Oriented. Much existing software and practice in information technology have long
depended on character data being represented as a sequence of bytes. Furthermore, many
of the protocols depend not only on ASCII values being invariant, but must make use of or
avoid special byte values that may have associated control functions. The easiest way to
adapt Unicode implementations to such a situation is to make use of an encoding form that
is already defined in terms of 8-bit code units and that represents all Unicode characters
while not disturbing or reusing any ASCII or C0 control code value. That is the function of
UTF-8.

Variable Width. UTF-8 is a variable-width encoding form, using 8-bit code units, in which
the high bits of each code unit indicate the part of the code unit sequence to which each
byte belongs. A range of 8-bit code unit values is reserved for the first, or leading, element of
a UTF-8 code unit sequences, and a completely disjunct range of 8-bit code unit values is
reserved for the subsequent, or trailing, elements of such sequences; this convention preserves
non-overlap for UTF-8. Table 3-6 on page 124 shows how the bits in a Unicode code
point are distributed among the bytes in the UTF-8 encoding form. See Section 3.9, Unicode
Encoding Forms, for the full, formal definition of UTF-8.

ASCII Transparency. The UTF-8 encoding form maintains transparency for all of the
ASCII code points (0x00..0x7F). That means Unicode code points U+0000..U+007F are
converted to single bytes 0x00..0x7F in UTF-8 and are thus indistinguishable from ASCII
itself. Furthermore, the values 0x00..0x7F do not appear in any byte for the representation
of any other Unicode code point, so that there can be no ambiguity. Beyond the ASCII
range of Unicode, many of the non-ideographic scripts are represented by two bytes per
code point in UTF-8; all non-surrogate code points between U+0800 and U+FFFF are represented
by three bytes; and supplementary code points above U+FFFF require four bytes.

Data Size. UTF-8 is reasonably compact in terms of the number of bytes used. Compared
with UTF-16, it is much smaller for ASCII syntax and Western languages, but significantly
larger for Asian writing systems such as for Hindi, Thai, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.

Preferred Usage. UTF-8 is typically the preferred encoding form for HTML and similar
protocols, particularly for the Internet. The ASCII transparency helps migration. UTF-8
also has the advantage that it is already inherently byte-serialized, as for most existing 8-bit
character sets; strings of UTF-8 work easily with the C standard library, and many existing
APIs that work for typical East Asian multibyte character sets adapt to UTF-8 as well with
little or no change required.

Self-synchronizing. In environments where 8-bit character processing is required for one
reason or another, UTF-8 has the following attractive features as compared to other multibyte