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📚 FSc Part-II (2nd Year) new syallbus books 2026 Available Now! 📚

All FSc 2nd Year Guess Papers 2026 are now available in Soft Form (PDF).

✅ Updated according to the 2026 Board Pattern
✅ Important Questions Included
✅ Paper Pattern Remains Unchanged
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*📢 1st Year Biology Pairing Scheme 2026 |*

اسلام آباد: فیڈرل بورڈ آف ریونیو (FBR) نے پیر کے روز انکشاف کیا کہ 8,697 ایسے افراد ہیں جن کے بینک کھاتوں میں 750 ارب روپے کی رقوم موجود ہیں، لیکن انہوں نے صفر آمدنی (Zero Income) ظاہر کی ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ، جائیداد خریدنے والے بڑے خریداروں میں سے تقریباً 80 فیصد نے اپنے ٹیکس گوشواروں میں اپنی جمع شدہ رقوم (Deposits) کو حقیقت سے کم ظاہر کیا۔

ایف بی آر نے یہ انکشاف سینیٹ کی قائمہ کمیٹی برائے خزانہ و محصولات کے اجلاس میں کیا، جو سلیم مانڈوی والا کی سربراہی میں فنانس بل 2026 کا تفصیلی جائزہ لے رہی تھی۔

کمیٹی کو بتایا گیا کہ ڈیٹا کے تجزیے سے تقریباً 8,697 ایسے افراد کی نشاندہی ہوئی ہے جن کے بینک کھاتوں میں مجموعی طور پر تقریباً 750 ارب روپے موجود ہیں، مگر انہوں نے کوئی انکم ٹیکس ادا نہیں کیا۔ اس صورتحال نے ٹیکس نیٹ کو وسعت دینے اور ٹیکس قوانین کی بہتر پابندی یقینی بنانے کی ضرورت کو اجاگر کیا ہے۔

ایف بی آر حکام نے مزید بتایا کہ زیادہ بینک ڈپازٹس رکھنے والے 98.9 فیصد افراد نے اپنے بینک لین دین (Bank Flows) کو اصل مقدار سے کم ظاہر کیا

1st Year Biology
Supply
Important Short Questions
UNIT 1

Differentiate b/w population & community.

How does theory differ from the law?

What is integrated disease management?

Differentiate b/w chemotherapy, radiotherapy & gene therapy.

What is hydroponic technique? Give its importance.

Write a note on vaccination.

Define biome with an example.

Define phyletic lineage & biodiversity.

Differentiate b/w deductive reasoning & inductive reasoning.

UNIT 2

Define biochemistry.

Give its importance.

Differentiate b/w glycosidic & peptide bond.

Define lipids.

Give two roles of waxes Differentiated b/w saturated & unsaturated fatty acid.

Give the structure of lecithin.

UNIT 3

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Differentiate b/w apoenzyme & holoenzyme.

What are cofactor & activator of enzyme?

How does an enzyme accelerate a metabolic reaction?

Write four characteristics of enzymes.

What is induced fit model? Who proposed this model?

How does high temperature affect enzyme activities?

What is the role of pH in enzyme action?

Give optimum pH values for any two enzyme actions?

What are enzyme inhibitors? Give two examples.

Differentiate b/w reversible & irreversible enzyme inhibitors.

Differentiate b/w competitive & non-competitive enzyme inhibitors?

UNIT 4

Write down salient features of cell theory.

Differentiate bw phagocytosis & pinocytosis.

Give chemical composition of primary & secondary cell wall.

Give three functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Define storage diseases with two examples.

What is location of centrioles in the cell & what is their role?

Differentiate b/w chromoplasts & leucoplasts.

Differentiate b/w cisternae & cristae.

What are peroxisome, polysome & ribosome?

UNIT 5

Define species & virology with examples.

Give biological classification of corn.

What is bionomial nomenclature?

What are two rules of nomenclature?

What are prions?

Differentiate b/w lytic phage & lysogenic phage.

Write down symtoms & prevention of hepatitis?

UNIT 6

Write four postulates of germ theory.

What are mesosomes?

Describe their function.

Write misuse of antibiotics.

What are trichomes?

Give the structure & function of Heterocysts?

What are super blue-green algae?

Give its importance.

UNIT 7

What are choanoflagellates?

What are tritonymphs?

Give their importance.

Write two characteristics of ciliates.

Differentiate b/w micronucleus & macronucleus.

Differentiate b/w foraminiferas & actinopods.

What are apicomplexans?

Give one example.

How algae differ from plants?

What are red tides?

Give structure & function of diatoms.

Also write three characteristics of diatoms.

What are kelps?

Name the parts of thaullus of a kelp.

Green algae are considered ancestral organism of green land plants, why?

What is chlorella?

Give its significance.

What is importance of algae?

UNIT 8

What are lichens?

Give their ecological importance.

Differentiate b/w karyogamy & plasmogamy.

Differentiate b/w rusts & smuts.

What is budding & para s*xuality?

What are toad stools? Give example.

What is histoplasmosis? Give its causes.

Give scientific name of yeast used in genetic research.

Define hyphae. Give their two types.

What is mycorrhiza?

Give its importance What are dikaryotic hyphae? Give example

UNIT 9

Why bryophytes plants are called amphibious plants?

How spores of mosses differ from spores of liver worts?

What is alternation of generation?

Give its significance.

Why sphenopsida are called arthophytes?

Differentiate b/w microphylls & megaphylls.

Define double fertilization in angiosperms.

Give its importance.

Differentiate b/w monocot stem & dicot stem.

UNIT 10

Write the importance of sponges.

Define polymorphism with example.

Write down the importance of corals.

Differentiate b/w infestation & disinfestations.

Write names and uses of any two useful insects.

Define nymph & metamorphosis.

Give three characteristics of chordates.

Give the role of swim

1st Year Math

*Exercise #1.1*
Q.1 (ii), Q.2(i, iii), Q.3, Q.4(iii)
Q.7,8,9 (imp)

*Exercise #1.2*
Q.1(i, ii), Q.2, Q.4, Q.5,6, Q.7(i,ii)
Q.8,10,12

*Exercise #1.3*
Q.1(i,ii,iii,vii), Q.2(i,ii,iii,v,vi) Q.3,
Q.4(iv), Q.5(i,ii,iii), Q.6,7,8 (long)

*Exercise #1.4*
Q.3, Q.4, Q.5, Q.6,8,9

*Examples*
Examples # 2,3,5,8,11

*Exercise #2.1*
Q.1(b)(iii), Q.2(ii,iv), Q.3(imp)
Q.4(i,ii,iv,v)(imp), Q.5, Q.7(i,ii)
Q.9,10(long)

*Exercise #2.2*
Q.1(i), Q.2(i,ii), Q.3(i,ii)
Examples # 3,4,5,6,7,8

*Exercise #3.1*
Q.1(i,ii,iii), Q.2(i,ii,vi), Q.3(ii,vi)
Q.4(i,ii,vi,viii)

*Exercise #3.2*
Q.1(i,ii,iv,vii,ix)
*Examples*
Examples # 2,3,5,7,8...

*Exercise #4.1*
Q.1(i,ii), Q.4, Q.7

*Exercise #4.2*
Q.1,2(v.imp), Q.3(i,ii,iii,vi,vii,viii,ix)(long)
Q.4,5(imp), Q.7(imp), Q.8(imp)

*Exercise #4.3*
Q.3,4(v.imp.long)
*Examples*
Examples # 4,6,13

---

*Page 3 - Exercise 5-6*
*Exercise #5.1*
Q.1,2,5,10,13,14

*Exercise #5.2*
Q.1,2,4
*Examples*
Examples #1,2,4,5
*Defines*
Conditional equations, identity,
proper and improper rational fraction

*Ex #6.1*
Q.1, Q.2(i,ii,iii,vii,viii), Q.4(i,iii,iv,vi)

*Ex #6.2*
Q.3(v.imp),Q.6,7,8,9,11,12,13,16,17,18,(19 Long)

*Ex #6.3*
Q.1,2,4,5,7(imp long)

*Ex #6.4*
Q.1,2,3,4(long),5(long),7,10,11(long)
Q.15,16(imp)

*Ex #6.5*
Q.1,2,5,11(v.imp),15

*Exercise #6.6*
Q.1,2,3(long), Q.4(v.imp long), Q.6

*Exercise #6.7*
Q.1,3(ii),5(long)

*Ex #6.9*
Q.1,3,4,5(imp), Q.6(imp long), Q.7,
Q.9(long),10,11, Q.12(long)

*Ex #6.10*
Q.3(i), Q.4(i)
*Formulas* (i) Σ K (ii) Σ K² (iii) Σ K³
k=1 k=1 k=1
*Examples*
Examples #4,5,7,9,11,12,13,14,15,18,22
24

*Exercise #7.1*
Q.1,2,3(imp),4(imp),5,6

*Exercise #7.2*
Q.1, Q.2(v.imp), Q.3(long), Q.4
Q.5(v.imp) Q.7(v.imp), Q.8(long)
Q.12,15

*Ex #7.3*
Q.1,2,3(v.imp), Q.5(i), Q.6,7(v.imp)

*Ex #7.4*
Q.1,2(v.imp), Q.3(long), Q.7(v.imp)
Q.9(long), Q.12(long),13,14(long),15,16(imp)
*Examples*
Examples #3,4(v.imp),7,9,11(v.imp)

*Exercise #9.1*
Q.1(i,ii), Q.2(i,ii,v), Q.3(i,ii,iii,v)
Q.4(i,iii), Q.5,6(long) Q.7,8,Q.10(long)

*Ex #9.2*
Q.3,4,5(long),6(long)
*Examples*
Examples #1,2,3,4,5,7(long),9(imp),10

*Ex #10.1*
Q.1(i,iii,v), Q.3(iii,iv), Q.4(v.imp long)
Q.6(v.imp s.a)

*Ex #10.2*
Q.2(v.imp), Q.3(i,ii,iii), Q.4(long)

Q.8(long), Q.9(i,ii,iii), Q.10(long)
Q.11(v.imp), Q.13,14(v.imp long)

*Ex #10.3*
Q.1(i,ii), Q.2(i,ii,iii)
Q.2(vi,xi,xiii,xiv)(long)
Q.3,4(v.imp long)

*Ex #10.4*
Q.1,2, Q.3(i,ii,iv), Q.4,5(v.imp long)
*Examples*
Examples #2,4,7,9(long),11,13(v.imp long)
15,18(v.imp long)

*Ex #11.1*
Q.1(i,ii,iii,iv,viii), Q.2(i,ii,iii,iv,v,vi,vii)

*Ex #11.3*
Q.1(full), Examples #1,2
*Defines*
Even & odd functions
period and periodicity
*Ex #12.1*
Q.1(i,iii), Q.2(iii,iv,v) Q.3(i,iii,iv,viii,ix)
Q.4(ii,iii,iv),vi(long),(viii,x,xi)(long)
Q.5(i,ii,v,vi,vii,ix,xii)

*Ex #12.2(must long)*
Q.1(iii), Q.2,3(long), Q.4(v.imp)
Q.5,6,7(v.imp long)
*Examples*
Examples #1(i,ii),2,6,8,13
*Proves(long)*
lim (1+1/n)ⁿ = e , lim sinθ/θ = 1
x→+∞ n→∞ θ→0
sandwich Theorem

*Ex #13.1*
Q.1(ii,iii), Q.2(ii)(long), Q.3(ii)
Q.4(ii) Q.6,8,9(long)

*Ex #13.2*
Q.1(i,ii,iii,v,vi,viii)(imp S.Q), Q.1(iv,x)(imp long)
Q.3(imp long), Q.4,5(v.imp long)
*Examples*
Examples #2,3,6,7,8(All imp)
*Ex #14.1*
Q.2, Q.3(v.imp), Q.4(imp), Q.6,7(imp)
Q.11, Q.12

*Ex #14.2*
Q.1(ii), Q.2,3(long), Q.5(imp)
Q.6(imp), Q.10,11(imp long), Q.13,15

*Ex #14.3*
Q.1(i,ii), Q.2(i,ii), Q.5(imp), Q.6(imp)
Q.7(imp) Q.8,9,10,11,12(v.v.imp)
Q.15,16

*Examples*
Examples #2,3,6,8,10,11,15,17,18,19,20

*میڈیکل یا انجینئرنگ؟ کون سی فیلڈ بہتر ہے؟*

میٹرک یا ایف ایس سی کے بعد طلبہ کے سامنے سب سے بڑا سوال یہ ہوتا ہے کہ کون سی فیلڈ کا انتخاب کیا جائے؟ میڈیکل یا انجینئرنگ؟ دونوں فیلڈز کا اپنا ایک مقام ہے، اور ان میں کامیابی کا انحصار طلبہ کی دلچسپی، صلاحیت اور محنت پر ہوتا ہے۔

*میڈیکل فیلڈ:*

میڈیکل پاکستان میں ہمیشہ سے ایک معزز اور قابلِ قدر شعبہ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ اگر آپ کو انسانی جسم، بیماریوں اور علاج میں دلچسپی ہے تو میڈیکل آپ کے لیے بہترین انتخاب ہو سکتا ہے۔ میڈیکل کے بڑے شعبے درج ذیل ہیں:

- *MBBS (Doctor of Medicine)*
- *BDS (Dentistry)*
- *Pharm-D (Doctor of Pharmacy)*
- *DPT (Doctor of Physical Therapy)*
- *Nursing*
- *Medical Lab Technology*
- *Radiology, Nutrition, Bio-Technology* وغیرہ

یہ تمام فیلڈز صحت کے شعبے سے جڑی ہوئی ہیں اور ان کی مانگ ہمیشہ موجود رہتی ہے۔

*انجینئرنگ فیلڈ:*

انجینئرنگ ایک تخلیقی اور تکنیکی فیلڈ ہے، جس میں طلبہ مختلف سسٹمز، مشینز، سافٹ ویئرز اور انفرااسٹرکچر کو ڈیزائن اور ڈیولپ کرتے ہیں۔ انجینئرنگ کے چند اہم شعبے درج ذیل ہیں:

- *Electrical Engineering*
- *Mechanical Engineering*
- *Civil Engineering*
- *Computer Engineering*
- *Software Engineering*
- *Mechatronics Engineering*
- *Chemical Engineering*
- *Telecom Engineering*
- *Aerospace Engineering*
- *Environmental Engineering*

Breaking News
پیٹرول کی قیمت میں 74 روپے کمی کر دی گئی

*📢 2nd Year Biology Guidelines 2026 |*

*🛑 MCQs*
🔘 بائیولوجی کے زیادہ تر MCQs پچھلے پیپرز سے بار بار آتے ہیں
🔘 پچھلے پیپرز کے ساتھ اضافی MCQs بھی لازمی تیار کریں
🔘 جن چیپٹرز سے لانگ سوالات کرنے ہیں ان کے MCQs خود ہی کور ہو جاتے ہیں
🔘 باقی چیپٹرز کے MCQs پچھلے پیپرز سے لازمی کریں

*🛑 Short Questions*
🔘 اگر آپ چیپٹر 15 16 17 21 24 25 سے لانگ سوالات تیار کر رہے ہیں تو چیپٹر 18 20 22 کے تمام شارٹ سوالات لازمی کریں
🔘 شارٹ سوالات میں جہاں ممکن ہو ڈایاگرام لازمی بنائیں
🔘 پیپر میں جگہ کم ہوتی ہے اس لیے صاف اور چھوٹے ڈایاگرام بنائیں

*🛑 Long Questions*
🔘 صرف 6 چیپٹرز مکمل تیار کریں
🔘 15 21 اور 16 25 لازمی تیار کریں
🔘 17 24 یا 19 23 میں سے آسان جوڑی منتخب کریں
🔘 ہر لانگ سوال میں ڈایاگرام لازمی بنائیں

*🛑 Averages Student*
🔘 صرف 3 چیپٹر مکمل اور 4 چیپٹرز کے شارٹ سوالات سے 58 سے 64 نمبر آسانی سے آ سکتے ہیں
🔘 چیپٹر 15 21 25 مکمل کریں
🔘 باقی چیپٹرز کے صرف MCQs لازمی کریں

Chapter 15
Important Short questions
1. Define homeostasis with examples.
2. What are heat shock proteins?
3. What is hypertonic and hypotonic environment and what changes occur in cell in this environment?
4. Differentiate between osmoconformers and osmoregulators.
5. Differentiate between active flight and passive flight.
6. Differentiate between shivering thermogenesis and non-shivering thermogenesis.
7. Define endotherms, ectotherms and heterotherms.
8. Write four adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes and mesophytes.
9. Differentiate between fibres and sclereides.
10. Differentiate between afferent and efferent arterioles.
11. Define lithotripsy.
12. What is haemodialysis? Give its importance.
13. What is foramen triosium? How is it formed?
14. What is renal failure?
15. Differentiate between ureotelic and urecotelic animals.
16. Define anhydrobiosis with an example.
17. What is hyproxaluria?
18. Differentiate between photonasty and thermonasty.
19. Define phototactic and chemotactic movements with examples.
Important Long Questions
1. Discuss excretion in Plants.
2. Discuss Kidney disorders with treatment.
3. Discuss the role of liver as an excretory organ.
4. Discuss the system of thermoregulation in mammals.

Chapter 16
Important Short Questions
1. Differentiate between bone and cartilage.
2. Name the unpaired facial bones.
3. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
4. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
5. What is hematoma formation?
6. How callus is formed?
7. What is a synovial joint?
8. Give composition of exoskeleton in molluscs and arthropods.
9. Differentiate between hyaline and fibro cartilage.
10. What is sciatica and its causes?
11. Differentiate between effective and recovery strokes?
12. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects.
13. What is rickets? Give its causes and treatment.
14. Differentiate between tendons and ligaments.
15. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth?
16. What is secondary growth? Give its importance.
17. What are brnachialis and branchioradialis?
Important Long Questions
1. What is endoskeleton? Describe bone and cartilage.
2. Describe the significance of secondary growth in plants. Phases of plants growth.
3. Give a detailed note on sliding filament model.
4. Explain the main parts of axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
5. Explain different types of joints.
Chapter 17
Important Short Questions
1. What are effectors? Give their types.
2. Name only types of innate behaviour.
3. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
4. Define primary organizer and primary induction.
5. Draw and label sensory neuron.
6. Define reflex arc.
7. Differentiate between nerves and ganglia.
8. What is salutatory impulse?
9. What is effects of ni****ne on coordination?
10. What is chlorosis?
11. What is a hormone? List its type.
12. Define habituation with an example.
13. Give functions of parathyroid gland and adrenal gland.
14. What is Alzheimer's disease?
Important Long Questions
1. Nervous system of hydra is better developed than that of planaria. Discuss.
2. Explain the structure and functions of human brain with diagram.
3. Write a note on adrenal gland.
4. How nerve impulse is produced? Explain its mechanism with diagram?
Chapter 18
Important Short Questions
1. Differentiate between s*xual and as*xual reproduction.
2. Define parthenocarpy. Give examples.
3. What is seed dormancy? Give its importance.
4. What is photoperiodism? Give its effects on plants.
5. Define vernalisation. Write its two advantages.
6. Define tissue culture and cloning with examples.
7. Differentiate between identical and fraternal twins.
8. Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous.
9. Define menstrual cycle, oestrous cycle and menopause.
10. What is diploid parthenogenesis?
11. What is structure and function of corpus leuteum?
12. Name STDs with their relative causative agents.
13. Define apormixis.
14. Defined haploid and diploid parthenogenesis?
15. What is ovulation?
Important Long Questions
1. Explain the female menstrual cycle.
2. Explain the male reproductive system of man.
3. Compare as*xual reproduction with s*xual reproduction.
4. Elaborate the functions of placenta during pregnancy.
Chapter 19
Important Short Questions
1. Differentiate between growth and development.
2. Differentiate between epical, lateral and intercalary meristems.
3. Write three signs of aging.
4. Give two causes of abnormal development.
5. What is blastoderm? Name its layers.
6. What are the internal factors which affect the process of growth.
7. What is discoidal cleavage.
8. Differentiate between neurula and neurocoel.
9. What is organogenesis?
10. Define regeneration with example.
11. What is meristem ?
12. What do you know about open growth?
13. Differentiate between morulla and blastolua stage in the development of chick.
14. What is basic difference between chick and amphibian embryo?
15. Define correlation?
16. Define hypoblast and epiblast?
17. Describe the role of cytoplasm in development?
18. What is meant by differentiation?
Important Long Questions
1. Write a note on development of chick.
2. Describe the signs and causes of abnormal development.
3. Explain internal and external factors of growth.
4. Explain the phases of growth in plants.
Chapter 20
Important Short Questions
1. Define recombinant DNA. Role of lambda phage.
2. What is anticodon?
3. What is karyotype?
4. Write 3 major classes of RNA
5. What is mutation?
6. Where does DNA replication start onthe DNA molecule?
7. Define transformation process?
8. Define chromosomes and nucleosome?
9. Define semi-conservative replication?
10. Explain s*x limited traits.
11. What is phosphodiester linkage?
12. Write the main component of DNA.
13. Define point mutation and chromosomal aberration.
14. What are Okazaki fragments? Give their length.
15. Differentiate between transcription and translation?
Important Long Questions
1. Describe DNA as Hereditary material in details?
2. Explain the works of Meselson and Stahi in DNA study.
3. What are chromosomes? What do you know about their types.
4. Explain Watson and Crick model of DNA.
Chapter 21
Important Short Questions
1. What is non-disjunction? Give its effects?
2. Define cell cycle. Give its phases.
3. How cytokinesis occur in animals and plants
4. What is mitotic apparatus? Give its functions.
5. Explain homologous and analogous organs.
6. Give importance of mitosis/meiosis.
7. What is metastasis? Write its importance.
8. Differentiate between apoptosis and necrosis.
9. Write the symptoms and causes of Down's syndrome?
10. What is Turner's syndrome? Give its causes and feature.
11. Define crossing over.
12. What is meant by G0 phase?
13. How prophase of meiosis differ from that of mitosis?
14. What is chiasmata?
15. What is interphase? Why is it called resting phase?
Chapter 22
Important Short Questions
1. Define euchromatin.
2. What is cretinism?
3. Describe gonorrhoea.
4. What is transformation?
5. What is allele and gene and gene pool and gene frequency?
6. What is over dominance and co-dominance?
7. What is genetic drift? Genetic code. Fixed alleles.
8. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
9. Define homozygous and heterozygous alleles.
10. What is Epistasis? What is Bombay Phenotype? Dominance?
11. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
12. What is totipotency and totipotent cell?
13. What is true breeding variety?
14. What is meant by MODY?
Important Long Questions
1. Explain epistasis with an example of Bombay phenotype.
2. Define and explain Mendel's Law of segregation.
3. What is incomplete dominance? Explain with an example.
4. Explain the phenomenon of gene linkage regarding linkage groups.
Chapter 23
Important Short Questions
1. Define biotechnology. Give its applications.
2. Differentiate between molecular scissors and molecular vectors.
3. Give two requirement to produce recombinant DNA.
4. Explain and give examples of ex vivo and in vivo gene therapies in humans.
5. What are transgenic plants?
6. Give three possible ways to get the gene of interest.
7. Give two goals of human genome project.
8. What is probe? Give its uses.
9. Define genomic library.
Chapter 24
Important Short Questions
1. How artificial selection is different from natural selection.
2. State theory of special creation.
3. Name any four animals declared extinct in Pakistan.
4. Define neo Darwinism/modern synthesis?
5. Define population genetics.
6. What are hydrothermal vents? How do they support life?
7. What are vestigial organs? Name some important vestigial organs of man.
8. Define fossils? How do they provide evidence of evolution?
9. What are endangered and threatened species? Give some examples.
10. What is Hardy-Weinberg theorem? Give its equation.
11. Differentiate between homologous and analogous organs.
12. State endosymbiont hypothesis.
Important Long Questions
1. Discuss evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes.
2. Describe the evidences of evolution various branches of biology like biogeography and fossil study.
3. Explain Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Chapter 25
Important Short Questions
1. Write down the types of living organisms found in limnetic zone. (its life) (2)
2. Differentiate between climate and weather. (3)
3. Define renewable and non renewable resources. (5)
4. Define ecosystem, biosphere and biome.
5. Differentiate between population and community with examples.
6. Differentiate between synecology and autecology.
7. What is predation? Give its significance.
8. Define parasitism and commensalism.
9. Define food chain and food web.
10. Differentiate between habitat and niche.
11. Differentiate between consumers and decomposers.
12. Differentiate between hydrosere and xerosere.
13. Differentiate between primary succession and secondary succession.
Important long questions
1. Write a note on nitrogen cycle.
2. Explain the biotic components of an ecosystem.
3. Explain xerosere succession stages.
4. Explain the flow of energy in a food chain.

Chapter 27
Important Short Questions
1. Define deforestation and afforestation.
2. What is ozone layer? Give its important function in environment.
3. Define water pollution and acid rain.
4. Write a brief note on non-renewable energy resources.
5. Explain causes and effects of ozone depletion.
6. Give main causes/sources of water pollution.
7. What is solid waste? Give its importance.
8. Define greenhouse effect. Give its effects on environment.
9. Trees as environmental buffers.
Important long questions
1. Describe deforestation and its effects.
2. Write a note on: a)ozone depletion b)greenhouse effect
3. Explain the importance of forests/trees
4. Briefly explain and causes and effects of air pollution.

*📢 2nd Year Biology Important Short & Long Questions 2026 | Study zone*

*🛑 Important Long Questions*

🔘 Explain the mechanism of thermoregulation in humans
🔘 Describe the structure and function of the human kidney
🔘 Describe the structure and functions of the brain
🔘 Explain the mechanism of impulse conduction in neurons
🔘 Describe the types of joints and their functions
🔘 Explain the structure and working of human skeletal muscles
🔘 Compare mitosis and meiosis
🔘 Describe the menstrual cycle in females
🔘 Explain Mendel’s laws of inheritance
🔘 Define linkage and crossing over with examples
🔘 Describe Darwin’s theory of natural selection
🔘 Write a note on the evidence of evolution from fossils
🔘 Describe the process and applications of genetic engineering
🔘 Explain the technique of recombinant DNA technology

*🛑 Important Short Questions*

🔘 Define osmoregulation
🔘 What is negative feedback
🔘 Name parts of the human brain
🔘 Define synapse
🔘 Differentiate between axial and appendicular skeleton
🔘 Name types of muscles
🔘 Define spermatogenesis
🔘 What is ovulation
🔘 What is genotype
🔘 Define allele
🔘 What are fossils
🔘 Define adaptive radiation
🔘 What is PCR
🔘 Define plasmid

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