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👉Law of Conservation of Energy:
According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, the total energy in a closed system remains constant over time and can only change forms. This law applies universally, implying that the total energy of the universe remains constant. Nature exhibits symmetrical results under similar conditions at different times.

👉Law of Conservation of Mass:
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that in a chemical reaction, mass is neither created nor destroyed, only rearranged. Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms among different molecules, resulting in the formation of new substances. In exothermic reactions, where energy is released, the total binding energy of the reactants is less than that of the products. Conversely, endothermic reactions absorb energy. The total mass of the reactants equals the total mass of the products, as atoms are conserved. Mass is related to energy through Einstein's theory, E=mc^2, where c represents the speed of light in a vacuum.

👉Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum:
The Law of Conservation of Linear Momentum states that the total linear momentum of a closed system remains constant over time. It highlights the symmetry of natural laws concerning spatial translation, meaning that the laws of nature remain the same regardless of changes in position. For example, the law of gravitation applies identically on Earth and the Moon, despite the differences in gravitational acceleration.

👉Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum:
The Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum asserts that there is no intrinsically preferred direction in space, indicating isotropy. This law emphasizes that angular momentum remains constant in the absence of external torques, illustrating the symmetry of space.

Some Important questions from chapter No 1 class 11th chemistry for upcoming exams.

Write the chemical reactions to show that Al2O3 is amphoteric in nature?

How Beryllium differs from the other members of its own group? Give any four points of difference.

Why Beryllium chloride is covalent and not ionic?

Define electron affinity. Discuss its variation in Halogens?

Carbon and Silicon both belong to Group IVA, but CO2 and SiO2 differ in their structures, comment over it.

Why the element of group 1 is called alkali metals?

Silicon has a giant covalent structure just like diamond structure justify it.

Sodium, magnesium and aluminum are good conductor of electricity? Why?

Write down the chemical reaction of the period 3 element with Oxygen and Chlorine.

Write down the reaction of Aluminum and Phosphorus with Chlorine.

Write down the reaction of Silicon and Sulphur with Chlorine.17

Write down the Physical Properties of Phosphorus oxides.

Attention students:
Questions of the day, Please Comment your answers.

Why carbon and silicon doesn’t conduct electricity?

What is the dipole moment of CO2?

Draw and explain the structure of SiO2.

1. Why d and f block elements are called transition elements?
The elements which have partially filled d or f-orbital either in their atomic states or in other common oxidation states are called transition elements.
They are called d-block or f-block elements. They are also called transition elements because they show such properties which are transitional between highly reactive and strongly electropositive elements of s-block which from ionic bonds and p-block elements which from which from covalent compounds.

2. Write down the f general f feature of transition elements.
I. They are R-II metallic nature.
II. Some of the transition elements play an important role in the industry. These metals are Ti, Cx, Fe, Ni, Cu, MO, W and Th etc.
III. They are all heard and metal with high melting and boiling points. They are good conductors of heats and electricity.
IV. They from alloys with one another elements of periodic table as well.
V. With a few exceptions, they show variables oxidation states.
VI. Their ions and compounds are colored in the solid state and the solution state.

3. Why is Zn group included in transition elements?
Zn, Cd and Hg are not regraded as transition element because they have completely filled d orbital. It is appropriate to include these in transition elements they from complexes with ammonia halide ions and amines and their chemical behaviour is similar to transition elements.

4. What is oxidation state of transition elements?
Transition elements are electropositive, so they have positive oxidation states. All 3d series elements show an oxidation state of +2 in addition to higher oxidation states when the electrons of 4s orbital take part in bonding.
They show variable oxidation states. The reason is that they have d electrons in addition to s-electron for the purpose of bond formation. These elements have several (n-I) d and ns electrons. The energies of (n-I) d and ns orbitals are way close to each other. The (n-I) d elements, all s and d electrons are easily lost as ns electrons. In the higher oxidation states of first five elements, all s and d-electrons are sued for bonding. Among the 3d series Mn has maximum oxidation states, and goes up to +7.

5. Why transition elements are used as catalyst?
Most of the transition elements are used as catalyst. The compounds of transition metals are also catalyst. The reason is that the transition metals show variety of oxidation states. In this way, they can from intermediate products with various reactants.
They also from interstitial compounds which can absorbs an activator to the reaction species, some of the important catalyst.
i. A mixture of Tho and Cro is used for the manufacture of methyl alcohol.
ii. MnO2 can be used as catalyst for the decomposition of H2O2.
iii. Tid4 is used as catalyst for the manufacture of plastics.
iv. N2O5 is used to oxidation SO2 to SO3 in the manufacture of H22SO4.

Fsc Part II Chemistry SLO based Questions National Books Foundation NBF.
D and F Block Elements
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
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Fsc Part II Chemistry Unit No S and P element related SLO based Questions National Books Foundation NBF.
Federal Board Islamabad (FBISE)
KP Boards
Punjab Boards