Physics Made Easy

Capillarity
Capillarity is the process where liquids have the tendency to move up and down a narrow tube.
Factors affecting Capillarity
a. Intermolecular Forces
b. Temperature
c. Density of Liquid
d. Size of the tube
e. Pressure

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Osmosis
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
Examples of Osmosis
a. When we put a slice of bread in a bowl of water, if we watch it for a while it is noticed that the bread becomes saturated (filled with water) causing the bread to sink. Now this is as a result of Osmosis.
b. When we cook our rice, the rice absorbs water and then becomes soft. This happened because of osmosis. The water became hot enough to pe*****te the semipearmable skin of the rice, thus making it soft

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Diffusion: Diffusion is the process by which different forms of fluids (liquid and gases) mix intimately with one another owing to the kinetic nature of their molecules.
Diffusion occurs because fluids move and as they move they carry what they have to their next position and it goes on.
That is why when you spray perfume at one end of the room, it won't be long before at the other end it will be perceived. Also, when you pour ink into a container of water without shaking it, the entire liquid would have the colour of the ink after a while.
Factors affecting Diffusion
a. Density of the fluid
b. Temperature of the fluid
c. Pressure
d. Concentration
e. Mass
Graham's law of diffusion states that at a constant temperature gases diffuse at rates which are inversely proportional to the square root of their vapour densities.

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Kinetic Theory of Matter
The kinetic theory of matter is based on:
1. Matter is made up of molecules
2. Molecules experience forces attraction (intermolecular attraction in the states of matter)
3. Molecules are in rapid motion.

Molecular Forces
1. Adhesive Force: This refers to the force which makes molecules of different substance, attract. This can be found in the case of water in a glass cup. When we pour water into a glass cup and then empty it of the water, water particles can still be seen inside it. This is as a result of adhesive force.
A material that has the ability to bind one matter to another is called and adhesive.
2. Cohesive Force: This is the force that exists within and between molecules of the same matter. This force is so strong that molecules don't just move away from themselves unless heat is applied to it. This is why when you pour water in water, they come together to form a bigger body of water.

Kinetic and Potential Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy that every moving body possesses. Potential energy is the energy every body at rest possesses.
When I say a molecule has both kinetic and potential energy, you might wonder how that was true.
Take a chair for example, it is seen to be at rest not moving, so it has potential energy, but inside the chair on a molecular level, its molecules are in motion. Inside the molecules, the nucleus is at rest while the electron is in motion.

Atoms & Molecules
Atoms are very tiny particles once known are indivisible. However it has been proved false. Atoms are made of particles called:
1. Proton: It is positively charged and with Neutron it forms a tightly packed Nucleus. It's mass is 1
2. Neutron: Neutron is a neutrally charged particle and with Proton is forms the Nucleus. It's mass is 1
3. Electron: It is a negatively particle and revolves around the Nucleus. It's mass is 1/1840
In an atom, the electron goes around the main nucleus which is made up of proton and electron.
Molecules on the other hand are tiny particles which are made up of atoms, and it comes together to form matter. Every molecules contains Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy.

Brownian Motion
This is a principle that states that molecules are always in motion. This means that in every matter, the molecules are never at rest. In gases, the movement of molecules is much more prominent through the obvious movement of the gas. In liquids the movement of molecules can also be seen through the subtle movement of the liquid, the molecules here glide on top of each other. In solids, the movement of the molecules is not so obvious, this is because the molecules vibrate around its position. Thus it can be agreed that molecules are in constant motion.
The second part of the principle states that all matter are made up of molecules.

Properties of Matter
1. Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and molecules
2. Matter exerts pressure
3. Matter occupies space
4. Matter has mass or weight.
Every matter contain all these features