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*WAEC 2026 PHYSICS ESSAY ANSWERS*
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*NUMBER ONE*

1a)
Diffusion is the process by which particles of a substance move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until they are evenly distributed, due to their constant random motion.

1(b)
*PICK ANY TWO*

(I) Diffusion – e.g. the spreading of perfume smell in a room.

(ii) Brownian motion – irregular zig-zag movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid.

(iii) Osmosis – movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane.

(iv) Expansion of gases when heated – showing that particles are in constant motion and move farther apart.
========•••===========

*NUMBER TWO*

(2a)

(i) Majority carrier:

Holes

(ii) Minority carrier:

Electrons

(b)
*CHOOSE ONLY ONE*

(I) It requires no heater filament, so no heating is needed before operation.

(ii) It consumes less power.

(iii) It is smaller and more compact in size.

(iv) It has a longer lifespan and is more reliable.
========•••===========

*WAEC PHYSICS ANSWERS*

*NUMBER SIX*

6a)
A hard magnetic material is a material that is difficult to magnetize but, once magnetized, it retains its magnetism for a long time and is not easily demagnetized.

Examples: steel, cobalt steel, and Alnico.

(6b)
*PICK ANY ONE*
(I) Diffusion – e.g. perfume spreading through air.
(ii) Brownian motion – random movement of tiny particles suspended in a fluid.
(iii) Osmosis – movement of solvent particles through a semi-permeable membrane.

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Waec Chemistry Practical Questions and Answer!!


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LIVESTOCK FARMING
01-10: BBBCCDBCCC
11-20: BACCBCCCDA
21-30: AABADBCACD
31-40: CBABABDABD

COMPLETED

WAEC LIVESTOCK FARMING

NUMBER ONE

(1ai)
(α) Cannibalism:
(i) Avoid overcrowding of birds in the pen.
(ii) Debeak the birds / provide adequate feed and water.

(β) Shell-less eggs:
(i) Feed birds with calcium-rich feed.
(ii) Provide vitamin D supplements / balanced ration.

(γ) Wet litter
(i) Ensure proper ventilation in the poultry house.
(ii) Replace wet litter regularly and repair leaking drinkers.

(1aii)
(i) Deficiency of calcium in feed.
(ii) Lack of vitamin D / disease affecting egg formation.

(1aiii)
Deep litter system.

(1b)
(i) Farm diary: A farm diary is a daily record book in which all farm activities and events are recorded for future reference.
(ii) Balance sheet: A balance sheet is a financial statement showing the assets and liabilities of the farm at a particular time.
(iii) Inventory record: An inventory record is a list showing the quantity and value of farm inputs, equipment and livestock on the farm.

(1c)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) High yield of forage.
(ii) Fast growth rate.
(iii) Palatable to livestock.
(iv) Resistant to pests and diseases.
(v) Ability to withstand drought and grazing.
(vi) Easy to establish and maintain.
(vii) High nutritive value.
(viii) Ability to regrow quickly after cutting or grazing.

WAEC LIVESTOCK FARMING

NUMBER TWO

(2a)
(PICK ANY FOUR)
(i) Nutrition and quality of feed.
(ii) Age of the sheep.
(iii) Health status/diseases and parasites.
(iv) Breed or heredity.
(v) Proper management practices.
(vi) Environmental conditions/climate.
(vii) Body weight and condition of the sheep.

(2b)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Swine fever (hog cholera).
(ii) Foot and mouth disease.
(iii) African swine fever.
(iv) Swine influenza.
(v) Pseudorabies disease.

(2c)
(PICK ANY TWO)
(i) Stimulate contraction of the uterus during birth.
(ii) Promote milk production and milk let-down.
(iii) Relax the pelvic muscles and cervix for easy delivery.
(iv) Initiate and regulate parturition.
(v) Help in expulsion of the placenta after birth.

(2d)
Draw the diagram

(2e)
(PICK ANY FIVE)
(i) Enlargement of the udder.
(ii) Swollen v***a with mucus discharge.
(iii) Restlessness and frequent lying down and standing up.
(iv) Relaxation of pelvic ligaments/sunken tail head.
(v) Loss of appetite.
(vi) Isolation from other animals.
(vii) Frequent urination and tail raising.
(viii) Enlargement and reddening of the v***a.

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3(b) Two conditions that could necessitate isolation of farm animals:
1. Disease outbreak or sickness.
2. Injury or after giving birth.

3(c) Four operations that require restraining of farm animals:
1. Vaccination
2. Castration
3. Dehorning
4. Branding

3(d) Four factors that could affect milk yield in goats:
1. Breed of the goat
2. Quality of feed
3. Health condition
4. Age of the goat

3(e) Four products obtained from honey bee:
1. Honey
2. Beeswax
3. Royal jelly
4. Propolis

4(a)(i) Castration is the removal or destruction of the te**es of a male animal to prevent reproduction.

4(a)(ii) Three precautions during castration using incision method:
1. Use sterilized instruments.
2. Ensure the animal is properly restrained.
3. Apply antiseptic to prevent infection.

4(a)(iii) Three reasons why castration is important in livestock production:
1. To control breeding.
2. To reduce aggressiveness in male animals.
3. To improve meat quality.

(4ai)
Castration is the removal or destruction of the te**es of a male animal to prevent reproduction.

(4aii)
(i) Use clean and sterilized instruments.
(ii) Properly restrain the animal before operation.
(iii) Apply antiseptic to the wound after castration.

(4aiii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Prevents indiscriminate breeding.
(ii) Makes animals more docile and easier to manage.
(iii) Improves meat quality and fattening ability.
(iv) Prevents transmission of undesirable traits.
(v) Reduces fighting among male animals.
(vi) Controls sexual behaviour in animals.

(4b)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) To detect sick or injured animals early.
(ii) To observe animals before they are disturbed or fed.
(iii) To enable quick treatment and management.
(iv) To identify animals that refused feed or water.
(v) To reduce spread of diseases among animals.
(vi) To check the cleanliness and condition of the housing unit.

(4ci)
(α) Debeaking:
Debeaking is the partial removal or trimming of the beak of poultry birds to prevent cannibalism and egg eating.

(β) Hoof trimming:
Hoof trimming is the cutting and shaping of overgrown hooves of animals to maintain proper movement and prevent hoof diseases.

(γ) Wound dressing:
Wound dressing is the cleaning and treatment of wounds with antiseptics and protective materials to promote healing and prevent infection.

(4cii)
(PICK ANY THREE)
(i) Prevents hoof diseases and infections.
(ii) Makes movement easier for the sheep.
(iii) Improves feeding and grazing efficiency.
(iv) Prevents overgrowth and cracking of hooves.
(v) Reduces lameness in sheep.
(vi) Improves the overall health and productivity of the animal.

WAEC LIVESTOCK FARMING

NUMBER FIVE

(5ai)
(i) Meat.
(ii) Milk.
(iii) Eggs.

(5aii)
(i) Ploughing of land.
(ii) Transportation of farm produce.
(iii) Pulling farm implements and carts.

(5aiii)
(i) Hides and skins for leather.
(ii) Wool and hair for textiles.
(iii) Bones and horns for craft works.

(5b)
(i) Eggs.
(ii) Meat.
(iii) Feathers.
(iv) Manure.
(v) Blood meal.

(5c)
Incubation is the process of keeping fertile eggs under suitable temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions until they hatch into chicks.

(5di)
75% of 250 chickens = 75/100 × 250
= 187.5 ≈ 188 eggs per day
Therefore, number of eggs expected in 20 days =
188 × 20 = 3760 eggs
Answer = 3760 eggs.

(5dii)
If 1 egg tray contains 30 eggs,
Number of trays needed = 3760 ÷ 30
= 125.3
Therefore, 126 egg trays will be needed.

(6a)
(i) It serves as a storage chamber for ingested feed before digestion.
(ii) It provides a site for microbial digestion of cellulose and fibrous materials.
(iii) It helps in the fermentation of feed to produce volatile fatty acids used for energy.
(iv) It assists in mixing and regurgitation of food during rumination.

(6bi)
=CIRCULATORY SYSTEM=
(i) Heart
(ii) Arteries
(iii) Veins

(6bii)
=EXCRETORY SYSTEM=
(i) Kidneys
(ii) Ureters
(iii) Urinary bladder

(6c)
(i) It promotes rapid growth and proper body development.
(ii) It increases egg production and improves egg quality.
(iii) It improves resistance to diseases and infections.
(iv) It reduces mortality and improves productivity.

(6di)
Dressed carcass refers to the body of a slaughtered animal after the removal of the blood, feathers or skin, head, internal organs and other unwanted parts, ready for sale or consumption.

(6dii)
(i) The bird is slaughtered by cutting the throat to allow proper bleeding.
(ii) The feathers are removed after scalding the bird in hot water.
(iii) The internal organs are removed through evisceration.
(iv) The dressed bird is washed, chilled and prepared for packaging or marketing.

COMPLETED

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*WAEC TECHNICAL DRAWING*

01-10: AADCBBCBCD
11-20: DCBDBBDDCB
21-30: DCBDBCACAD
31-40: CBDDDDBDBA

*MECHANICAL DRAWING*
31-40: CADDABABAD

*BUILDING DRAWING*
31-40: BDDABDBDAD

*COMPLETED✅*

WASSCE TECHNICAL DRAWING QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS!

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Nigerian Education Service
The West African Examinations Council - WAEC, NIGERIAN
Ministry of Education
Education Resource Centre Nigeria

DIGITAL-TECHNOLOGY-OBJ
01-10: CBABADCDBA
11-20: CCDADABCDC
21-30: ADDBBDABAA
31-40: CBBBCBDDBA
41-50: CCDBBACADC

COMPLETED

*WAEC DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY (PAPER 2 – ESSAY)*
*COMPLETE ANSWERS – QUESTIONS 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5*

===========================================================

*QUESTION 1: LOGIC GATES (Figure 1)*

Assuming Figure 1 shows:
- A and B go into an AND gate → output = X
- C and D go into an OR gate → output = Y
- X and Y go into an AND gate → output = Z

*(a) State the:*

(i) Logic operation between A and B: AND operation

(ii) Logic operation between C and D: OR operation

(iii) Logic equation for Z:
Let X = A · B
Let Y = C + D
Then Z = X · Y = (A · B) · (C + D)

*Answer: Z = AB · (C + D)*

*(b) Draw the logic device to invert output of C and D:*

NOT gate (Inverter)

Diagram:
C ---|>o--- NOT C
D ---|>o--- NOT D

*(c) Complete the truth table (Table 1)*

+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+
| S/N | A | B | C | D | A·B | A·B' | C + D | Z |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-------+-------+-------+-----+

*Note: A·B' means (A AND NOT B). If NOT is not available, ignore that column.*

===========================================================

*QUESTION 2: INTERNET & NETWORKING*

*(a) Define the term internet:*

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that communicate using standardized protocols (TCP/IP) to share information and resources worldwide.

*(b) Differences between intranet and extranet (Table 2)*

+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Intranet | Extranet |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| (i) Private network within an organization | (i) Extends intranet to authorized outsiders |
| (ii) Accessible only to employees | (ii) Accessible to partners, suppliers, clients |
+------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

*(c) Full meaning of acronyms:*

(i) HTTP = HyperText Transfer Protocol

(ii) IP = Internet Protocol

(iii) LAN = Local Area Network

(iv) TCP = Transmission Control Protocol

*(d) Two examples of Internet Protocol:*

1. IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

2. IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

===========================================================

*QUESTION 3: REGISTERS & MEMORY*

*(a) Define the term Register:*

A register is a small, high-speed storage location inside the CPU that temporarily holds data, instructions, or addresses during processing.

*(b) One example of:*

(i) Special purpose register: Program Counter (PC) or Instruction Register (IR)

(ii) General purpose register: Accumulator (ACC) or Data Register (DR)

*(c) One difference between special and general purpose register:*

+------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Special purpose register | General purpose register |
+------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Has a fixed, dedicated function (e.g., PC)| Can be used for multiple purposes (e.g., storing data) |
+------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

*(d) Two differences between register and main memory (Table 3)*

+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| Register | Main Memory |
+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| (i) Located inside the CPU | (i) Located outside the CPU (on motherboard) |
| (ii) Very small capacity (bytes)| (ii) Large capacity (GB to TB) |
| (iii) Extremely fast access | (iii) Slower access than registers |
| (iv) Holds temporary data | (iv) Holds programs and data long-term |
+-------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

*Answer any two rows for (i) and (ii).*

===========================================================

*QUESTION 4: FLOWCHART SYMBOLS*

*(a) Identify the symbols (typical WAEC diagram)*

+-------------------+----------------------+
| Symbol (typical) | Name |
+-------------------+----------------------+
| (i) Oval | Terminal (Start/Stop)|
| (ii) Parallelogram| Input / Output |
| (iii) Rectangle | Process / Instruction|
| (iv) Diamond | Decision |
| (v) Flow line (arrow)| Flow line / Connector|
+-------------------+----------------------+

*(b) One use of each symbol*

+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Symbol | One use |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Terminal | Indicates start or end of a program |
| Input/Output | Reading data or displaying results |
| Process | Performing calculations or assignments |
| Decision | Yes/No branching (conditional test) |
| Flow line | Shows direction of flow between symbols |
+-------------------+------------------------------------------+

===========================================================

*QUESTION 5: SOFTWARE & EDITING MODES*

*(a) What is an integrated software package?*

An integrated software package is a single application that contains multiple functional modules (word processing, spreadsheet, database, presentation graphics) sharing a common user interface and data format.

Example: Microsoft Works, AppleWorks, Lotus SmartSuite.

*(b) Explain EXT and OVR mode in spreadsheet text entry:*

+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| Mode | Usage |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| EXT | Extend mode – extends cell selection using arrow|
| | keys without holding Shift (press F8 to toggle) |
| OVR | Overtype mode – new characters replace existing |
| | ones at cursor position (press Insert to toggle)|
+------+--------------------------------------------------+

*(c) Two modes used in editing text in a Word processor:*

1. Insert mode – new text is inserted, pushing existing text forward

2. Overtype (OVR) mode – new text replaces existing characters

===========================================================

*END OF ANSWERS*

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