Paragon Data Processing

SS 2 YOUR NOTE ON INTERNET

INTERNET

The Internet is an electronic communication network that connects computer network and organizational computer facilities around the world. The internet was introduced to provide a non-destructible and non physical medium for storing and sharing of information.


LIST OF WEB BROWSERS
1. Power browser
2. Internet explorer
3. Mozilla Firefox
4. Netscape browser
5. Omni web browser
6. Safari browser
7. Google chrome
8. Avanti
9. Opera
10. Maxton
11. Sea monkey
12. Bento browser
13. Flock
14. Amazon






BENEFIT OF THE INTERNET
1. Employment Opportunity
2. Global audience
3. Advertising
4. Online survey
5. Announcements
6. Online Forums
7. Customer feed back
8. Carrying out research
9. Continuous storage of Information.
10. Lay complains online
11. Improved communication


INTERNENT SECURITY/BROWSER SECURITY
The internet represents an insecure channel for exchanging information leading to high risk of fraud (phishing). Different ways can be use to prevent computer fraud (phishing), they include;
1. Encryption: This is the changing of information or signals into secret codes that other people cannot interprete.6
2. Password: This is a means of confirming true individuals of a network, is a secrete word or code combination used for communicating with another person or with a computer to prove who you are.
3. Wickr: This is a self destructive programmed message; When a Wickr message is sent it deletes itself or destroys itself depending on the timing the sender want the message to self destroy itself. It provides a safe way to share information online.
4. Antivirus: They are programs written to prevent viruses from getting into the computer system. They are capable of preventing internet viruses; the internet is a source of getting viruses.

INTERNET ABUSE
1. Spam: A spam is an unwanted electronic mail, usually with a link to advertise or fraud the receiver of the mail, a link in this case is an address that connects you to redirect sites.

2. Plagiarism: This is the use of another person’s idea or a part of their work and pretend that it is your own work. People usually copy other people’s article and post them online and pretend it is their own article.

3. Unsolicited email: This is the sending of unwanted messages to a person, usually with the intention to fraud them.

4. Internet Fraud: This is the act of deceiving and obtaining money, valuables etc from people via the internet.

5. Po*******hy: The watching of obscene images and videos online is an internet abuse; it’s against the norms of the society.

6. Internet Addiction: Internet addiction is a form of internet abuse, it means using the internet continuously without stopping and uncontrollably.

7. Hacking: This is an illegal act of gaining unauthorized access to computer data on the internet.

SOME TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH INTERNET
Instant messaging
e-comerce
ISP
Domain
Protocol
Homepage
Website
Ergonomy
Videoconference
Teleconference
Server Computer
Client Computer

Assignment
Define the terms associated with internet above.

SS 1 NEW NOTE 2020

History of Computer

COMPUTER
A computer is a special multipurpose machine (electronic device), that is capable of receiving instructions (data), storing and processing it and giving a desired result as output accurately at an incredibly high speed.
The Computer as a System is a set of inter-related components aimed at achieving the same goal. The Computer as a system is made up of:
1. Hardware
2. Software

1. Hardware refers to the physical units or components, which makeup computer configuration. There are three major components of computer hardware namely; the processor, peripherals and auxiliary hardware,

2. Software refers to the programs, which are processed by the hardware; they can be seen but cannot be touched. A program is a sequence of instructions that are carried out by the hardware to solve given problems or perform given tasks. Software is further divided into; System software and application software.

- System software: These are suite of programs that come with the computer to assist in the use of the hardware. Examples are, utility programs, the operating system etc.
- Application software: These are softwares that are designed to be put into specific practical use, they are capable of performing variety of tasks. Examples are CorelDraw, Opera mini Browser etc.
DIGITALIZATION OF DATA
Data digitalization is the process by which physical and manual records such as text, images, video and audio are converted into digital forms.
BENEFITS OF DIGITALIZING DATA
- Long term preservation of documents
- Orderly archiving of documents
- Easy and customized access to information
Examples of Input device include
Keyboard
Mouse
USB
Diskette
Joystick
Card Reader

Examples of Output Device include.
Printer, Monitor, headphone
Speakers, Plotter, punched tape
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
We have five generations of computer, each generation has better advancement than the previous, the various generation and their features are explained below:

1st Generation: The period was (1946-1959), Made use of Vacuum tubes, very large in size, made a lot of noise, needed a big system because of the heat generated, Expensive and could only be maintained by a big corporation, slow input and output device (Slow processing speed), it needed A.C, consumed large electricity and supported machine language only . Examples of such computers were ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC, IBM-650 etc.

2nd Generation: The period was (1959-1965) Major component was transistor. Generated lesser heat, small in size, cheaper, faster, consumed lesser electricity and more reliable when compared to the 1st generation computers needed a.c rooms, programming language was machine and assembly language.

3rd Generation: The period was (1965-1971), major components was integrated circuit, employed the small scale integration (SSI) technology; High level language were used, easy to use, smaller in size, consumed lesser electricity and faster than the 1st two generations. Examples were IBM-360 Series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), TDC-316 etc.



4th Generation: The period was (1971-1980), component was microprocessor, small in size, employ the very large scale integration (VLSI) Technology, user friendly software and programming language is high level, very cheap, faster than previous generation, portable and reliable, no A.C needed, Examples were, CRAY-1, PDP 11, STAR 1000 etc.


5th Generation: The period is (1980 - Till Date), uses Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) technology, although Artificial intelligence are still in development, most devices these days are still been produced using microprocessors, they have very small in size, easy to use, high processing speed, large storage capacity, intelligent, natural language advancement. Examples are; Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc.


CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
It is virtually impossible to definitely categorize computers by size, cost or scope. Computers are generally classified based on;

1. Size and speed of operation
2. Data Representation
3. Number of purpose

1. Classification based on Size and speed of operation
In this class we have
i. Monster computer
ii. Mainframe computer
iii. Mini-Computers
iiii. Micro-computers

i. Monster computer: They are computer systems with enormous power and size. They are the largest, fastest and most expensive of all computers. These are otherwise known as Supper or Maxi computers. E.g. CRAY X/Y
Uses:
▪ They are used for scientific and military research
▪ Used to track and control space exploration, for oil exploration, simulations and worldwide weather forecasting.

ii. Mainframe computer: They are large computers that require specially weird air-conditioning room, they are capable of great processing speed and data storage, they are very expensive, they are used for storing large information’s and process large data within a short time. They have closed system Architecture

iii. Mini computers: They are also known as medium/Mid range computers. They fall between Mainframe and Micro-computers in their speed and data storing capacities. They posses all feature of mainframe but at a lower capacity, they are cheap, have small memory and they need no complex management structure.
Uses
▪ Organization used them for research and specific purposes.

iiii. Micro-computers: They are popularly known as micros. They are the smallest of others and micros got its name as a result of its main computing component (microprocessor) which is located on one integrated circuit or chip. They are built with expansion slot micro-computers are called personal computers because they are designed to only allow one user at a time though two or more computers can be linked in a network. Examples of micro computers are Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc.

2. Classification based on Data Representation
They are basically
1. Analogue Computers
2. Digital computers
3. Hybrid computers


1. Analogue Computers: This handles data in form of varying signal/quality that assume an infinite number of levels during variation. i.e It works by measuring changes in continuous physical or electrical state rather than counting. Such measurements as temperature, voltage, volume, chemical composition of petroleum products, amount of current flowing through an electric current etc, are used.


2. Digital computers: This type processes data in discrete form i.e “ON or OFF”; YES/NO. They count numbers and can only produce integers (floating point numbers). All the input must be in “quantized” or integral form everything they do is translated into a series of numerals or digits. They process discrete numbers. Examples are Mainframe, Mini and Micro-computer.


3. Hybrid computers: These are the type of computers that combine the functions of both Analogue and Digital signal/data using Analogue-Digital converter or vice versa and work as a single system. Thus, a Hybrid computer consists of an analogue and a digital computer functioning as a single computer.





3. Classification According to Number of Purpose
Computers exist as special and general purpose.

i. Special Purpose Computers: These were designed to perform one specific task such as scientific work, or word processing. The program of instructions is built into the `machine and this, once booted, goes straight to the configured mode. They have merit of performing the job economically, quickly and efficiently. They are also known as Dedicated Purpose Computers.

Examples: Production control of Refinery and Guidance, control of Airplanes, weather study forecast, Automobile; Thermostat; microwave ovens, etc.

ii. General Purpose Computers: They are also called multi-purpose computers and are used for Variety of works, they have the ability to store various programs of instructions, perform a variety of operation such as integrated processing, graphics, database etc. Most computers are general-purpose machines as they can handle many and different kind of tasks of. Because, most Microcomputers are general purpose, they have multi-tasking capability.
Assignment
Write a short note on the contribution of IBM and APPLE to the growth of computer industry.

COMPUTER ROOM MANAGEMENT A computer room also known as computer laboratory is a place where computer are kept and used by students and staff of an organization. ETHICS IN USING THE COMPUTER 1. Do not copy or install softwares illegally 2. Do not reproduce other peoples work using the computer without their authorization. 3. Don not put items on top of the computer 4. Do not obtain information illegally by hacking in to computers 5. Do not interfere with other peoples Computer work 6. Do not use the computer to commit crime 7. Do not use the computer to give false identity or false information. COMPUTER LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS 1. Do not bring food items into the Computer laboratory 2. All diskettes and flash drives must be scanned before being used 3. Do not move the computer hardware vigorously 4. Do not make use of external storage without authorization 5. Do not install softwares into the computer without the administration permission. 6. Foreign Items should not be placed on top of the computers 7. Turn off the Computer after use 8. Do not touch or tamper with electrical fitting.

SAFETY MEASURES TO TAKE IN A COMPUTER ROOM 1. There should be a standard functioning fire extinguishing system 2. A Computer room should have a good ventilation and cooling system 3. Computers in the computer room should be cleaned regularly to be free from dust 4. In case of any emergency, an exit door and alarm system should be present 5. Smoking is not allowed in a computer room 6. A computer room should be well illuminated. 7. Ensure that the chairs and tables are arranged in comfortable manner. 8. The computer and its peripherals must be well arranged for user comfort 9. Stabilizers and UPS should be employed to prevent power fluctuation which may damage the computers. 10. At all times keep liquid away from the computers. PROCEDURES IN CLEANING THE COMPUTER 1. Turn off the computer, 2. Disconnect cables, 3. Use a soft cloth damped with (water and a non-detergent), 4. Clean the computer, use blower where applicable, 5. Let computer dry completely, 6. Couple the detached parts, 7. Reconnect cables, 8. Then turn on the computer.

HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONG USE OF THE COMPUTER Regular prolong use of the computer may result in some serious health challenges, which may range from musculoskeletal problems to eye problems, some of them include: 1. Neck and Back pain 2. Upper limb disorder 3. Tension stress headaches 4. Visual fatigue 5. Blurred or double vision Assignment 1. Highlight ten (10) ways we can care for computer peripherals. 2. List 7 possible health challenges that can result from wrong use of electronic devices (Do not list the ones in your note).

SS 2 NOTE

COMPUTER VIRUS
A computer virus is a malicious program (malware), written by computer programmers that attaches itself to a computer software or system that infects and destroys other programs and hardware; it is self-replicating and requires a host or executable disk segment.

CLASSES OF COMPUTER VIRUS
There are various classes of computer viruses, Sometimes; virus can be classified by their method of concealment. Notable ones under this group are:
• Stealth Virus: These viruses have a way of hiding themselves to avoid been scanned
• Polymorphic viruses: These viruses have a way of changing themselves to avoid been scanned

TYPES OF COMPUTER VIRUS
• Command File Virus: This class of viruses infects files with “COM” file name extension. A “com” file is an object or binary file containing an executable program that is a replica of the bit patterns that are to be created when he file is loaded in memory. Examples are
Cccp.510: This virus stimulates a hardware failure
A & A.560: This virus plays tricks with the screen of the computer

• Executable File Virus: Executable file virus attaches itself to executable files or program files. These classes of virus infect files with “EXE” file name extension. An EXE file is a program that can be run. Examples are;
AELAX.658:-This virus deletes files
CHEEBA: This virus evades or attack antivirus programs.
9

• Boot sector virus: The boot sector is the section of the system software containing the instructions for booting the computer. The boot sector virus infects the boot sector of the disk by replacing the boot instruction with its own program. Example is BRAIN (Pakistani or Lahore). It labels a good sector a bad one, therefore making it inaccessible to DOS i.e. rendering the system unbootable.


• Partition sector virus: These are viruses that affect the partition sector of hard disk and floppies in drive A. A partition sector is the first sector on a hard disk. The partition sector is also called the master boot Record (MBR).An example of this virus is CHANG.MP.3584. This virus overwrites infected files and making sure that the report size of a disk does not match up with its capacity.


• System file virus: These are files that affect system files like config.sys, Hims.sys etc…

EXAMPLES OF VIRUSES
1. Stoned viruses
2. Trojan horse
3. Sleeper
4. Logic Bomb
5. Alabama Virus
6. Christmas virus
7. Disk virus
8. Recycler virus


SOURCES OF COMPUTER VIRUS
The ways or means in which computer viruses get in to our computer system is known as source of computer virus. They Include;
• Infected diskettes
• Infected flash drives
• Infected CD-ROMs
• E-mails
• Internet downloads
• Illegal / cracked software
0


VIRUS WARNING SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS OF VIRUSES
There are some signs shown by a system that has been affected by computer virus. They include.
1. Slowing down of response time of the computer
2. Presence of tiny dots on the screen
3. Incomplete Saving of files
4. Corruption of the system set-up instruction
5. Appearance of strange characters on the screen
6. Computer not responding as expected.

VIRUS DETECTION
We have programs for discovering the presence of viruses in the computer ; they are refered to as Antivirus. They signal on the screen “A VIRUS FOUND ALERT”. They detect and protect your computer from viruses. Examples are, Avast, AVG, Norton Anti Virus, McAfee, PC-Cillin98 etc…
There is probably a cure for every computer virus, getting rid of viruses can take a great deal of time. Also, having removed virus does not guarantee that our files will be intact. The best preventive measure from viruses the use of antivirus.

PREVENTION OF COMPUTER VIRUS INFECTION
1. Always buy original software and avoid the use of pirated software
2. Always scan your computer for viruses before the day’s operation
3. Always scan removable disk
4. Always make sure your antivirus is up to date to fight against newer viruses
5. Avoid downloading of unsecure programs online

EFFECTS OF VIRUSES
• Erases bank records
• Corrupts stored files and programs
• Interferes negatively with computer operation
• Damages the computer
Assignment
1. List 5 Computer Virus and explain how they operate.

SS 1 NEW NOTE 2019

History Of Computer

COMPUTER A computer is a special multipurpose machine (electronic device), that is capable of receiving instructions (data), storing and processing it and giving a desired result as output accurately at an incredibly high speed. The Computer as a System is a set of inter-related components aimed at achieving the same goal. The Computer as a system is made up of: 1. Hardware 2. Software 1. Hardware refers to the physical units or components, which makeup computer configuration. There are three major components of computer hardware namely; the processor, peripherals and auxiliary hardware, 2. Software refers to the programs, which are processed by the hardware; they can be seen but cannot be touched. A program is a sequence of instructions that are carried out by the hardware to solve given problems or perform given tasks. Software is further divided into; System software and application software. - - System software: These are suite of programs that come with the computer to assist in the use of the hardware. Examples are, utility programs, the operating system etc. Application software: These are softwares that are designed to be put into specific practical use, they are capable of performing variety of tasks. Examples are CorelDraw, Opera mini Browser etc.

DIGITALIZATION OF DATA Data digitalization is the process by which physical and manual records such as text, images, video and audio are converted into digital forms. BENEFITS OF DIGITALIZING DATA - - - Long term preservation of documents Orderly archiving of documents Easy and customized access to information Examples of Input device include Keyboard Mouse USB Diskette Joystick Card Reader Examples of Output Device include. Printer, Monitor, headphone Speakers, Plotter, punched tape

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER We have five generations of computer, each generation has better advancement than the previous, the various generation and their features are explained below: 1st Generation: The period was (1946-1959), Made use of Vacuum tubes, very large in size, made a lot of noise, needed a big system because of the heat generated, Expensive and could only be maintained by a big corporation, slow input and output device (Slow processing speed), it needed A.C, consumed large electricity and supported machine language only . Examples of such computers were ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDSAC, IBM-650 etc. 2nd Generation: The period was (1959-1965) Major component was transistor. Generated lesser heat, small in size, cheaper, faster, consumed lesser electricity and more reliable when compared to the 1st generation computers needed a.c rooms, programming language was machine and assembly language. 3rd Generation: The period was (1965-1971), major components was integrated circuit, employed the small scale integration (SSI) technology; High level language were used, easy to use, smaller in size, consumed lesser electricity and faster than the 1st two generations. Examples were IBM-360 Series, PDP (Personal Data Processor), TDC-316 etc.

4th Generation: The period was (1971-1980), component was microprocessor, small in size, employ the very large scale integration (VLSI) Technology, user friendly software and programming language is high level, very cheap, faster than previous generation, portable and reliable, no A.C needed, Examples were, CRAY-1, PDP 11, STAR 1000 etc. 5th Generation: The period is (1980 - Till Date), uses Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) technology, although Artificial intelligence are still in development, most devices these days are still been produced using microprocessors, they have very small in size, easy to use, high processing speed, large storage capacity, intelligent, natural language advancement. Examples are; Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS It is virtually impossible to definitely categorize computers by size, cost or scope. Computers are generally classified based on; 1. Size and speed of operation 2. Data Representation 3. Number of purpose

1. Classification based on Size and speed of operation In this class we have i. ii. iii. iv. i. Uses: Monster computer Mainframe computer Mini-Computers Micro-computers Monster computer: They are computer systems with enormous power and size. They are the largest, fastest and most expensive of all computers. These are otherwise known as Supper or Maxi computers. E.g. CRAY X/Y  They are used for scientific and military research  Used to track and control space exploration, for oil exploration, simulations and worldwide weather forecasting. ii. Mainframe computer: They are large computers that require specially weird air-conditioning room, they are capable of great processing speed and data storage, they are very expensive, they are used for storing large information’s and process large data within a short time. They have closed system Architecture

iii. Mini computers: They are also known as medium/Mid range computers. They fall between Mainframe and Microcomputers in their speed and data storing capacities. They posses all feature of mainframe but at a lower capacity, they are cheap, have small memory and they need no complex management structure. Uses  Organization used them for research and specific purposes. iv. Micro-computers: They are popularly known as micros. They are the smallest of others and micros got its name as a result of its main computing component (microprocessor) which is located on one integrated circuit or chip. They are built with expansion slot micro-computers are called personal computers because they are designed to only allow one user at a time though two or more computers can be linked in a network. Examples of micro computers are Laptop, Desktop, Palmtop etc. 2. Classification based on Data Representation They are basically 1. Analogue Computers 2. Digital computers 3. Hybrid computers

Analogue Computers: This handles data in form of varying signal/quality that assume an infinite number of levels during variation. i.e It works by measuring changes in continuous physical or electrical state rather than counting. Such measurements as temperature, voltage, volume, chemical composition of petroleum products, amount of current flowing through an electric current etc, are used. 2. Digital computers: This type processes data in discrete form i.e “ON or OFF”; YES/NO. They count numbers and can only produce integers (floating point numbers). All the input must be in “quantized” or integral form everything they do is translated into a series of numerals or digits. They process discrete numbers. Examples are Mainframe, Mini and Microcomputer. 3. Hybrid computers: These are the type of computers that combine the functions of both Analogue and Digital signal/data using Analogue-Digital converter or vice versa and work as a single system. Thus, a Hybrid computer consists of an analogue and a digital computer functioning as a single computer.

3. Classification According to Number of Purpose Computers exist as special and general purpose. i. ii. Special Purpose Computers: These were designed to perform one specific task such as scientific work, or word processing. The program of instructions is built into the `machine and this, once booted, goes straight to the configured mode. They have merit of performing the job economically, quickly and efficiently. They are also known as Dedicated Purpose Computers. Examples: Production control of Refinery and Guidance, control of Airplanes, weather study forecast, Automobile; Thermostat; microwave ovens, etc. General Purpose Computers: They are also called multi-purpose computers and are used for Variety of works, they have the ability to store various programs of instructions, perform a variety of operation such as integrated processing, graphics, database etc. Most computers are general-purpose machines as they can handle many and different kind of tasks of. Because, most Microcomputers are general purpose, they have multi-tasking capability. Assignment Write a short note on the contribution of IBM and APPLE to the growth of computer industry.

SS 1 YOUR NOTE IS READY
COMPUTER ROOM MANAGEMENT
A computer room also known as computer laboratory is a place where computer are kept and used by students and staff of an organization.

ETHICS IN USING THE COMPUTER

1. Do not copy or install softwares illegally
2. Do not reproduce other peoples work using the computer without their authorization.
3. Don not put items on top of the computer
4. Do not obtain information illegally by hacking in to computers
5. Do not interfere with other peoples Computer work
6. Do not use the computer to commit crime
7. Do not use the computer to give false identity or false information.


COMPUTER LABORATORY RULES AND REGULATIONS

1. Do not bring food items into the Computer laboratory
2. All diskettes and flash drives must be scanned before being used
3. Do not move the computer hardware vigorously
4. Do not make use of external storage without authorization
5. Do not install softwares into the computer without the administration permission.
6. Foreign Items should not be placed on top of the computers
7. Turn off the Computer after use
8. Do not touch or tamper with electrical fitting.
SAFETY MEASURES TO TAKE IN A COMPUTER ROOM

1. There should be a standard functioning fire extinguishing system
2. A Computer room should have a good ventilation and cooling system
3. Computers in the computer room should be cleaned regularly to be free from dust
4. In case of any emergency, an exit door and alarm system should be present
5. Smoking is not allowed in a computer room
6. A computer room should be well illuminated.
7. Ensure that the chairs and tables are arranged in comfortable manner.
8. The computer and its peripherals must be well arranged for user comfort
9. Stabilizers and UPS should be employed to prevent power fluctuation which may
damage the computers.
10. At all times keep liquid away from the computers.

PROCEDURES IN CLEANING THE COMPUTER

1. Turn off the computer,
2. Disconnect cables,
3. Use a soft cloth damped with (water and a non-detergent),
4. Clean the computer, use blower where applicable,
5. Let computer dry completely,
6. Couple the detached parts,
7. Reconnect cables,
8. Then turn on the computer.

HEALTH RELATED PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLONG USE OF THE COMPUTER
Regular prolong use of the computer may result in some serious health challenges, which may range from musculoskeletal problems to eye problems, some of them include:
1. Neck and Back pain
2. Upper limb disorder
3. Tension stress headaches
4. Visual fatigue
5. Blurred or double vision


Assignment
1. Highlight ten (10) ways we can care for computer peripherals.
2. List 7 possible health challenges that can result from wrong use of electronic devices (Do not list the ones in your note).