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Cannula Colors and Their Uses👇

Did you know cannulas come in different colors, each with a specific use? Here’s a simple explanation of what each color means and where it’s used:

1. Yellow
Used for children and newborns because it’s thin and fits small veins.

2. Blue
Used for elderly or patients with weak veins, allows slow fluid delivery.

3. Pink
Most common color, suitable for general patients, preferred for non-emergency blood transfusions.

4. Green
Used during surgery as it allows fast delivery of medications and blood.

5. Gray (ash-like)
For patients needing immediate blood, like trauma or accident cases.

6. Red
Specifically for Central Venous Catheters, used in thick, deep veins often on the palm’s back.

*Important:*
The darker the color, the larger the cannula size, so fluids or blood can flow faster.

*Remember:*
Choose the color based on the patient’s condition

Rabies
( source: The 5-Minute Clinical Consult 2023)



Rabies is a nearly universally fatal viral encephalitis caused by a neurotropic RNA virus (genus Lyssavirus) transmitted via saliva of infected animals, most commonly through bites or scratches .



Initial symptoms are nonspecific: fever, malaise, headache, and paresthesias near the bite site. As it progresses:
• Neurologic phase: agitation, hydrophobia, aerophobia, confusion, seizures, coma
• Paralytic form: ascending flaccid paralysis



Diagnosis is mainly clinical but supported by:
• RT-PCR or immunofluorescence on saliva, corneal smears, or nape-of-neck skin biopsy
• Antibody titers in serum or CSF
• MRI/CT: nonspecific or normal in early stages
• Negri bodies (postmortem) in Ammon horn or cerebellar Purkinje cells 

Diagnosis

Includes rapidly progressive encephalitis and neuromuscular conditions:
• HSV, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile virus
• Botulism, tetanus
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Substance intoxication 


• Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is effective before symptom onset:
• Wound cleansing with soap and virucidal agents
• Rabies immune globulin (RIG)
• Rabies vaccine (HDCV or PCEC) on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 
• Preexposure vaccination for high-risk individuals
• After symptom onset: treatment is palliative
• Experimental protocols (e.g., Milwaukee protocol) have very limited success 

-Up & Prognosis
• Fatality rate approaches 100% once symptoms appear
• Less than 20 documented survivors—most received some form of immunization
• Survivors may have long-term neurologic impairments
• Animal testing via direct fluorescent antibody on brain tissue is important post-exposure

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