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HSC-Chapter 4:

ওয়েব ডিজাইনের পরিচিতি ও HTML

ওয়েব ডিজাইনের মূল ধারণা 🎨

ওয়েব ডিজাইন হলো একটি ওয়েবসাইট তৈরি এবং সাজানোর প্রক্রিয়া। এর প্রধান উদ্দেশ্য হলো ওয়েবসাইটটিকে ব্যবহারকারী-বান্ধব (User-Friendly), কার্যকরী এবং দৃষ্টিনন্দন করে তোলা।

ওয়েব ডিজাইন প্রক্রিয়ার বিভিন্নমুখী ব্যবহারামূহ হলো:

• কাঠামো ও কন্টেন্ট (Structure & Content): HTML ব্যবহার করে ওয়েবসাইটের মৌলিক কাঠামো এবং বিষয়বস্তু (টেক্সট, ছবি, ভিডিও) তৈরি করা।
• রূপসজ্জা (Styling): CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) ব্যবহার করে ওয়েবসাইটকে আকর্ষণীয় রং, ফন্ট এবং বিন্যাস (Layout) প্রদান করা।
• ব্যবহারকারীর অভিজ্ঞতা (UX): ব্যবহারকারীরা যাতে সহজে ওয়েবসাইট নেভিগেট করতে পারে এবং প্রয়োজনীয় তথ্য খুঁজে পায়, তা নিশ্চিত করা।

Definition of Verb

A verb is a word that shows action, state of being, or occurrence.
It tells what a person or thing does, is, or has.

✅ Examples:

She runs fast. (action)

He is a teacher. (state of being)

It rained yesterday. (occurrence)

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Kinds of Verbs

Verbs can be classified from different perspectives — grammatical, functional, and semanticc.

🟩 A. Based on Meaning (Semantic Perspective)

1. Action Verbs
→ Express physical or mental actions.
🔹 Examples: run, write, jump, think, read

She writes a letter.

They think deeply.

2. State Verbs
→ Express a condition or state of being.
🔹 Examples: be, have, seem, know, belong

He is happy.

I know the answer.

3. Occurrence Verbs
→ Express events that happen or occur.
🔹 Examples: happen, occur, take place

The meeting happened yesterday.

🟨 B. Based on Function (Grammatical Perspective)

1. Main (Principal) Verbs
→ Express the main action or state in a sentence.
🔹 Examples: eat, play, go, write

They play football.

2. Helping (Auxiliary) Verbs
→ Help the main verb to form tense, mood, or voice.
🔹 Examples: is, am, are, was, were, have, has, do, will, shall, can, may

She is reading a book.

They have finished homework.

🟦 C. Based on Object Relation

1. Transitive Verbs
→ Require an object to complete the meaning.
🔹 Examples: eat, make, buy, read

He made a cake.

2. Intransitive Verbs
→ Do not take any object.
🔹 Examples: sleep, go, run, cry

The baby cried loudly.

🟧 D. Based on Form

1. Regular Verbs
→ Form past tense by adding -ed.
🔹 Examples: play → played, walk → walked

2. Irregular Verbs
→ Form past tense in different ways (not with -ed).
🔹 Examples: go → went, eat → ate, come → came

🟥 E. Based on Use

1. Finite Verbs
→ Change according to tense, person, or number.
🔹 Examples: She writes daily. / They write daily.

2. Non-finite Verbs
→ Do not change with tense, person, or number.
🔹 Types: Infinitive (to eat), Gerund (eating), Participle (eaten).

I like to read.

Reading is good for health.

🧠 Definition of Pronoun

A Pronoun is a word that is used in place of a noun to avoid repetition.
It helps make sentences shorter and clearer.

Example:

Rahul is my friend. He is very honest.
→ Here, he replaces the noun Rahul.

🧩 Kinds of Pronoun, Definitions, and Examples

1️⃣ Personal Pronoun

Used for a particular person or thing.
Example: I, we, you, he, she, it, they

a.She is reading a book.
b.They are playing football.

2️⃣ Possessive Pronoun

Shows ownership or possession.
Example: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs

a.This pen is mine.
b.That house is theirs.

3️⃣ Reflexive Pronoun

Refers back to the subject of the sentence.
Example: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

a.He hurt himself.
b.We enjoyed ourselves.

4️⃣ Demonstrative Pronoun

Used to point out specific persons or things.
Example: this, that, these, those

a.This is my book.
b.Those are my shoes.

5️⃣ Interrogative Pronoun

Used to ask questions.
Example: who, whom, whose, which, what

a. Who is knocking at the door?
b. Which is your car?

6️⃣ Relative Pronoun

Joins two sentences and refers to a noun mentioned before.
Example: who, whom, whose, which, that

a.The boy who is singing is my brother.
b.This is the book that I wanted.

7️⃣ Indefinite Pronoun

Refers to persons or things in a general way (not specific).
Example: someone, anyone, everyone, nobody, all, few, many, some

a.Someone is knocking at the door.
b.Few could answer the question.

8️⃣ Distributive Pronoun

A Distributive Pronoun refers to persons or things one at a time.
It shows that each one of a group is taken separately or individually.

Example: each, either, neither

a.Each of the boys got a prize.
b.Either of the two roads leads to the station.

📘 Note:
Distributive pronouns are always singular and take singular verbs.

9️⃣ Reciprocal Pronoun

A Reciprocal Pronoun shows a mutual relationship or action — when two or more persons do the same thing to each other.

Example: each other, one another

a. The two friends help each other.
b. All the team members congratulated one another.

📘 Note:
Use each other for two persons and one another for more than two persons.

Definition of Noun

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. It is one of the most important parts of speech in English grammar.

Examples:

Person: teacher, doctor, John

Place: school, city, London

Thing: book, car, pen

Idea: honesty, love, freedom

Kinds of Noun

1. Common Noun

A common noun is a general name for any person, place, or thing.
It does not refer to something specific.

Examples: boy, city, pen, car
In Sentence: The boy is playing in the park.

2. Proper Noun

A proper noun is the specific name of a person, place, or thing.
It always begins with a capital letter.

Examples: John, Dhaka, Monday, Asia
In Sentence: Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

3. Abstract Noun

An abstract noun refers to an idea, quality, or state rather than a physical object.
You cannot touch or see it.

Examples: beauty, love, courage, honesty
In Sentence: Honesty is the best policy.

4. Collective Noun

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things considered as one unit.

Examples: team, army, class, bunch
In Sentence: The team won the match.

5. Material Noun

A material noun refers to substances or materials from which things are made.

Examples: gold, wood, water, iron
In Sentence: This ring is made of gold.

Definition of Noun

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. It is one of the most important parts of speech in English grammar.

Examples:

Person: teacher, doctor, John

Place: school, city, London

Thing: book, car, pen

Idea: honesty, love, freedom

Kinds of Noun

1. Common Noun

A common noun is a general name for any person, place, or thing.
It does not refer to something specific.

Examples: boy, city, pen, car
In Sentence: The boy is playing in the park.

2. Proper Noun

A proper noun is the specific name of a person, place, or thing.
It always begins with a capital letter.

Examples: John, Dhaka, Monday, Asia
In Sentence: Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh.

3. Abstract Noun

An abstract noun refers to an idea, quality, or state rather than a physical object.
You cannot touch or see it.

Examples: beauty, love, courage, honesty
In Sentence: Honesty is the best policy.

4. Collective Noun

A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things considered as one unit.

Examples: team, army, class, bunch
In Sentence: The team won the match.

5. Material Noun

A material noun refers to substances or materials from which things are made.

Examples: gold, wood, water, iron
In Sentence: This ring is made of gold.

There are also three types of noun such as:
Concrete Noun, Countable Noun, Uncountable Noun.

6. Concrete Noun:

A noun that can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted.
Example: apple, dog, flower, phone.

7. Countable Noun:

A noun that can be counted.
Example: book/books, chair/chairs, student/students.

8. Uncountable Noun:

A noun that cannot be counted.
Example: milk, sugar, rice, information.

“Learn the complete definition of Part of Speech with clear explanations in English and Bangla. Covers all 8 parts of speech with examples. Perfect for SSC, HSC, and English grammar learners.”

🔎 What is Part of Speech? (English Definition)

Part of Speech refers to the different categories of words based on their function in a sentence. Each word performs a specific role—such as naming, describing, expressing action, or showing connection.

In English grammar, there are eight major parts of speech:

Noun, Pronoun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection.

📚 The 8 Parts of Speech:

1. Noun:

Words that name a person, place, thing, or idea.
Example: Rahim, Dhaka, book, honesty.

2. Pronoun:

Words used instead of a noun.
Example: he, she, it, they.

3. Verb:

Words that show action or state of being.
Example: run, eat, is, have.

4. Adjective:

Words that describe a noun or pronoun.
Example: tall, beautiful, hot.

5. Adverb:

Words that describe a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Example: quickly, very, slowly.

6. Preposition:

Words that show the relationship between a noun/pronoun and another word.
Example: in, on, under, beside.

7. Conjunction:

Words that join words, phrases, or clauses.
Example: and, but, because.

8. Interjection:

Words that express sudden emotion or feeling.
Example: Wow! Oh! Alas!

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