Anis Sir

Reciprocal Pronoun (পারস্পরিক সর্বনাম)
যে pronoun দুই বা ততোধিক ব্যক্তির পারস্পরিক সম্পর্ক বা কাজ বোঝায়, তাকে Reciprocal Pronoun বলে।
Types / Kinds of Reciprocal Pronoun
There are 2 kinds:
Each other → সাধারণত দুইজনের জন্য ব্যবহৃত হয়
One another → সাধারণত দুইজনের বেশি হলে ব্যবহৃত হয়
Examples
1. Each other
Rahim and Karim help each other.
→ রহিম ও করিম একে অপরকে সাহায্য করে।
The two friends love each other.
→ দুই বন্ধু একে অপরকে ভালোবাসে।
2. One another
The students help one another.
→ ছাত্ররা পরস্পরকে সাহায্য করে।
We should respect one another.
→ আমাদের একে অপরকে সম্মান করা উচিত।

Possessive Pronoun
A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that shows ownership or possession.
It replaces a noun to avoid repetition.
Examples:
This book is mine.
That house is theirs.
Kinds of Possessive Pronoun
Possessive pronouns are mainly of two kinds:
1. Strong / Absolute Possessive Pronouns
These pronouns stand alone and do not come before a noun.
Examples:
mine
yours
his
hers
ours
theirs
Sentences:
This pen is mine.
The red car is hers.
The victory was theirs.
2. Weak / Adjectival Possessives
These are used before nouns as possessive adjectives.
Examples:
my
your
his
her
our
their
Sentences:
This is my book.
Their house is beautiful.
Our school is large.
Difference Between Possessive Pronoun and Possessive Adjective
Possessive Pronoun
Possessive Adjective
mine
my
yours
your
hers
her
ours
our
theirs
their
Examples:
This bag is mine. (pronoun)
This is my bag. (adjective)

Indefinite Pronoun (অনির্দিষ্ট সর্বনাম)
An indefinite pronoun refers to a person, thing, or amount that is not specific.
Kinds of Indefinite Pronouns with Examples
1. Indefinite Pronouns for People (ব্যক্তি বোঝায়)
Examples: someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, no one, nobody
Someone is calling you.
Everybody likes music.
Nobody was absent today.
2. Indefinite Pronouns for Things (বস্তু বোঝায়)
Examples: something, anything, everything, nothing
Something is in my bag.
I don’t need anything.
Everything is ready.
3. Indefinite Pronouns for Quantity (পরিমাণ বোঝায়)
Examples: some, any, much, many, few, little, several, all, none
Some are missing.
Many were invited.
Few understand the problem.
4. Distributive Indefinite Pronouns (এক এক করে বোঝায়)
Examples: each, either, neither
Each of the boys got a prize.
Either of the roads leads to the school.
Neither of them is guilty.
Important Notes
Most indefinite pronouns take singular verbs:
Everyone is happy.
Some can be singular or plural depending on context:
All is well. / All are present.

Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns used to ask questions. They replace nouns in a question.
🔹 Kinds of Interrogative Pronouns with Examples
1. Who – used for people (subject)
Who is calling you?
Who broke the window?
2. Whom – used for people (object)
Whom did you meet yesterday?
Whom are you talking to?
3. Whose – shows possession
Whose book is this?
Whose pen did you take?
4. Which – used for choosing from a limited group (people or things)
Which is your bag?
Which student came first?
5. What – used for things, ideas, or general questions
What is your name?
What are you doing?
🔸 Note:
These pronouns are used at the beginning of questions.
They can refer to people, things, or possession.

A modifier is a word or group of words that gives more information about another word in a sentence (usually a noun, verb, or adjective).
🔹 Kinds of Modifiers with Examples
1. Adjective Modifier
Modifies a noun or pronoun.
Example:
She has a beautiful dress.
(beautiful modifies dress)
The tall boy is playing.
(tall modifies boy)
2. Adverb Modifier
Modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb.
Example:
He runs quickly.
(quickly modifies runs)
She is very smart.
(very modifies smart)
3. Phrase Modifier
A group of words (phrase) that modifies another word.
Example:
The boy with a red shirt is my friend.
(modifies boy)
She is sitting on the chair.
(modifies sitting)
4. Clause Modifier
A clause (has subject + verb) that modifies a word.
Example:
The man who is talking is my teacher.
(modifies man)
I know the place where he lives.
(modifies place)
5. Limiting Modifier
Gives specific or exact information (not descriptive, but restrictive).
Example:
Only Rahim passed the exam.
(only limits who passed)
She has just arrived.
(just limits time)
🔹 Simple Definition (for exam)
Modifier = a word/phrase/clause that adds extra information to another word.

Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is used when the subject and object of a sentence are the same person or thing.
List of Reflexive Pronouns
myself
yourself / yourselves
himself
herself
itself
ourselves
themselves
Kinds (Uses) of Reflexive Pronouns
1. As Object (Direct/Indirect Object)
When the subject does something to itself.
I hurt myself.
She made herself a cup of tea.
2. Emphatic (Intensive) Use
To give emphasis to the subject.
I did the কাজ myself.
The principal himself came to the class.
3. After Preposition
Used after a preposition when subject = object.
He is talking to himself.
She looked at herself in the mirror.
4. For Certain Expressions
Used in fixed expressions.
Enjoy yourself.
Help yourself.
Behave yourself. (correct: Behave yourself)
Important Note
❌ Wrong: He took the book for myself
✅ Correct: He took the book for me.

Relative Pronoun (সম্পর্কসূচক সর্বনাম) এমন pronoun যা একটি noun-এর সাথে clause যোগ করে এবং সেই noun সম্পর্কে অতিরিক্ত তথ্য দেয়।
🔹 Kinds of Relative Pronouns with Examples:
1. Who (যে / যিনি) – মানুষের জন্য ব্যবহৃত
👉 The boy who is playing is my brother.
(যে ছেলেটি খেলছে সে আমার ভাই)
2. Whom (যাকে / যাদেরকে) – মানুষের object হিসেবে
👉 The man whom I met was kind.
(যাকে আমি দেখেছিলাম তিনি দয়ালু ছিলেন)
3. Whose (যার / যাদের) – possession বোঝায়
👉 The girl whose bag is lost is crying.
(যার ব্যাগ হারিয়েছে সেই মেয়ে কাঁদছে)
4. Which (যা / যেটি) – জড়বস্তুর জন্য
👉 This is the book which I bought.
(এটাই সেই বই যা আমি কিনেছি)
5. That (যে / যা) – মানুষ ও জড়বস্তু উভয়ের জন্য
👉 The car that he bought is new.
(যে গাড়িটি সে কিনেছে তা নতুন)
6. Where (যেখানে) – স্থান বোঝাতে
👉 This is the place where I live.
(এটাই সেই জায়গা যেখানে আমি থাকি)
7. When (যখন) – সময় বোঝাতে
👉 I remember the day when we met.
(আমি সেই দিনটি মনে করি যখন আমরা দেখা করি)
8. Why (কেন) – কারণ বোঝাতে
👉 I know the reason why he left.
(আমি জানি কেন সে চলে গেছে)
🔹 Note:
Who / Whom / Whose → people
Which → things
That → people + things (common in spoken English)

A distributive pronoun refers to members of a group one at a time, not as a whole.
Main distributive pronouns:
There are three common distributive pronouns:
1. Each
Refers to every individual separately (usually in small groups).
Example:
Each of the students is present.
Each has a book.
2. Every
Refers to all members of a group individually (usually larger groups).
Always used before a noun (not alone as a pronoun in strict grammar, but often taught with distributives).
Example:
Every student is happy.
Every boy loves football.
3. Either
Refers to one of two people or things.
Example:
Either of the answers is correct.
You can take either.
4. Neither
Refers to not one and not the other (two persons/things).
Example:
Neither of the boys was late.
Neither is ready.
Important note:
Distributive pronouns are usually singular, so they take singular verbs.
Example:
Each of them is ready. (✔)
Each of them are ready. (✘)

A distributive pronoun refers to members of a group one by one, not as a whole group.
Common distributive pronouns:
Each
Either
Neither
Examples:
Each of the students got a prize.
👉 (Every student individually)
Either of the two roads will take you there.
👉 (One or the other)
Neither of the answers is correct.
👉 (Not one and not the other)
Important point:
Distributive pronouns are usually used with singular verbs.
✔ Each of them is ready.
✔ Neither of the boys was present.

A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun used to point to specific things or people.
Kinds of Demonstrative Pronouns
There are four main demonstrative pronouns:
This (singular, near)
👉 Refers to one thing close to the speaker
Example: This is my book.
That (singular, far)
👉 Refers to one thing far from the speaker
Example: That is your house.
These (plural, near)
👉 Refers to more than one thing close to the speaker
Example: These are my friends.
Those (plural, far)
👉 Refers to more than one thing far from the speaker
Example: Those are beautiful flowers.
Easy way to remember:
Near: this, these
Far: that, those
Singular: this, that
Plural: these, those
Bangla meaning:
This = এটি / এই
That = ওটি / সেই
These = এগুলো
Those = ওগুলো