Computer Science Faculty

د چینایي څېړونکو لاسته راوړنه:
د DNA کست جوړول چې د تاریخ ټول سندرې په کې ذخیره کېدای شي

چینایي څېړونکو یو DNA کست جوړ کړی چې د نه تصور کېدونکي کچې معلومات د پېړیو لپاره ذخیره کولای شي. دا نوښت چې د نړۍ د ډیټا سنترونو د انرژۍ او ذخیره‌سازۍ د بحران لپاره یو دوامدار حل ګڼل کېږي، د ۳۶ پتابایټ ډیټا (چې د ۳۶ زره یو ترابایټ هارډ ډیسکونو سره برابر دی) په ځان کې ځای ورکوي.

د جنوبي ساینس او ټکنالوژۍ پوهنتون څېړونکو په چین کې، د مصنوعي DNA مالیکولونه په پلاستیکي نوار باندې چاپ کړي دي او په دې توګه یې دا کست جوړ کړی دی. هماغه ډول چې کمپیوټرونه د صفر او یو څخه کار اخلي، دا سیستم د DNA څلور بازې ــ آدنین (A)، ګوانین (G)، سیتوزین (C) او تیمین (T) ــ د هر ډول ډیجیټل فایل (متن، انځور، غږ او ویدیو) د کوډ کولو لپاره کاروي.

یوه عادي کیست شاوخوا ۱۲ سندرې خوندي کولای شي، خو یوازې د دې نوي DNA کست ۱۰۰ متره نوار کولی شي له ۳ میلیاردو زیاتې موسیقۍ ټوټې ذخیره کړي. څېړونکي ټینګار کوي چې د دې کست په یو زاړه واکمن کې کېښودل به هېڅ ډول مانادار غږ تولید نه کړي. د څېړنیزې ډلې غړی «جیانکای لي» وایي:
«زموږ کیست د DNA مالیکولونو لیږدونکی دی. په بله وینا، دا کار داسې دی لکه چې یو عکس په ګرامافون کې د غږولو هڅه وکړئ؛ ځکه چې فارمتونه یو له بله سره سازګار نه دي.
ژباړه

چین له امریکا ډېر ځواکمن او تر ټولو چټک کمپیوټر لري.
د نړۍ د ۵۰۰ تر ټولو چټکو کمپیوټرو په نوملړ کې تر ټولو ډېر ځواکمن کمپیوټر په چین کې دي او په دې برخه کې له امریکا مخکې دی.
د یوې تازې شمېرې له مخې د نړۍ د ۵۰۰ تر ټولو چټک کمپیوټرو له ډلې په چین کې ۲۰۲ کمپیوټر دي.
په دې برخه کې امریکا د ۱۴۳ تر ټولو چټکو کمپیوټرو په لرلرو سره دویم ځای لري، جاپان د ۳۴ کمپیوټرو په لرلو سره دریم او جرمني هم د دا ډول ۲۰ کمپیوټرو په لرلو سره څلورم دی.
۲۵ کاله مخکې دا نوملړ پیل شوی او هر دوه کاله وروسته یې تازه شمېرې خپرېږي.
په تېر نوملړ کې امریکا د ۱۶۹ ځواکمنو کمپیوټرو په لرلو سره اول او چین د دا ډول ۱۶۰ کمپیوټرو په لرلرو سره دویم و. د رپوټ له مخې له امریکا د چین مخته کېدلو وجه د څېړني په برخه کې د پانګوني زیاتول دي.
دا مهال نړۍ کې د څېړنې ۲۰ سلنه لګښت په چین کې دی.
ځواکمن کمپیوټر کې ډېر لوی او ګران سیستمونه لري چې په زرګونو پراسیسرونه پکې ځای شوي وي او پر هغو خورا ځانګړې او کره محاسبې کېږي.
له ځواکمن کمپیوټر د چاپیریالي بدلون، اټومي وسلو ازموینو، د تېلي زېرمو د پته لګولو، د هوا وړاندوینې، د ډی اېن اې زدکړو او نورو چارو لپاره کار اخیستل کېږي.
د ځواکمن کمپیوټر چټکتیا په پیټافلاپ سره حسابېږي. یو فلاپ په محاسبه کې د یو ګام یا اپرېشن په توګه پېژندل کېږي. یو پیټا فلاپ مطلب په یوه ثانیه یا سیکنډ کې زر میلیارد قدمونه یا عملیات بلل کېږي.
د نړۍ تر ټولو چټک کمپیوټر هم د چین دی چې تر ۹۳ پیټا فلاپ پورې کار کولی شي.
د امریکا دا ډول کمپیوټر چې ټایټن نومېږي ۱۷،۶ پیټا فلاپ پورې کار کولی شي.

-drive-our-cars #!

The Autonomous Era:
2040 and Beyond
By 2040 all vehicles will be completely
driverless, and it might even be illegal for humans to drive on public roads. By then, we could have completely new traffic ecosystems in which all vehicles are centrally controlled. Autonomous transportation will become a basic utility like electricity and water. Driving- related fatalities will drop to almost zero from more than a million per year globally today, due not only to improved navigation and systems but also to sensors that detect natural wear and tear on roads and the vehicles themselves. Of course, we will need far fewer vehicles, as they will be shared effeciently, and air quality will vastly improve because vehicles will maximize fuel effeciency and utilize new energy resources instead of fossil fuels. We eagerly await the future of autonomous driving!

Touch Screens that Survive in Harsh Environments

By: Dr. Vasileios Zagkanas, Product Director, Fieldscale PC

Touch screens are used everywhere today· from consumer electronics, to industrial, medical, automotive and aerospace applications. This wide range of varying environments and usage types leads to wide diversity in the required specifications.
Touch panels used in industrial environments must be resistant against dirt, dust, liquids, or chemicals, long lasting and highly durable. Depending on the industrial sector, they must be able to function in scenarios where the user wears protective gloves and they must continue to operate properly even in extreme conditions (high humidity, frost, heat etc.). These features are prerequisites for example in Points-of-Sales, kiosks, and marine applications, where additionally touch screens of low glare and good performance under severe weather conditions, like rain or snow, are desired.
Reliable, robust and long lasting touch panels are of critical importance in medical and military applications. For the armed forces, a flawed screen can prove disastrous or even fatal, especially during a military deployment. Military equipment must withstand electromagnetic radiation, which can be achieved through proper shielding against Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), and also emit as low electromagnetic radiation as possible, so as to prevent localization and ensure safety in communications.


Another tremendously challenging industry for touch screens is avionics. Is touch technology ready to maneuver aircrafts? Given that pilot gloves are not a problem anymore; the major remaining challenges are two: touch screens in cockpit must operate under low atmospheric pressure and, most importantly, they must also withstand vibrations and turbulence without compromising their functionality.



Touch screen water and dust resistance labels

The resistance of touch panels against particles and water, determined by the efficiency of the enclosure, is usually described through the Ingress Protection (IP) rating that consists of two numbers:
· The first number specifies resistance against particles, such as dirt or dust, and ranges from 0 (no protection) to 6 (withstands even the smallest dust particles).
· The second number is indicative of the waterproofness level, taking values between 0 (no protection) and 8 (fully protected in case of total submergence).
Smartphones are usually manufactured with IP54 as a minimum requirement, whereas typical IP values for water resistance of industrial touch screens are 5 or 6 (protection against water jets). Such quality specifications can be achieved by using zero-bezel enclosures made of hard and transparent materials being also as light and cheap as possible; among the most commonly used materials are the chemically strengthened “soda-lime” glass, the Corning Gorilla glass and the Sapphire glass.
Three types of touch panel materials

The strengthened “soda-lime” glass was first used in industrial and military applications where durability is crucial, as well as in outdoor applications, such as Point-of-Sales and ATMs, to protect touch panels from breakage. Just after a few years strengthened glass had already penetrated into consumer market, due to its affordable price (at least for touch screens up to 10’’) satisfying the increasing demand to protect cell phones and tablet PCs. The optical performance of “soda-lime” cover glass is often enhanced when combined with special coatings or films, like anti-glare, anti-reflective, anti-fog, anti-smudge, fingerprint-free or UV blocking.
Corning Gorilla glass is the predominant material used in smartphones, mainly due to its hardness and flexibility. Although its break resistance is similar to that of the strengthened “soda-lime” glass (Mohs scale of hardness: 6.8 compared to 6 of “soda-lime” glass), Gorilla glass is less likely to get scratched. This is the reason why Corning is the worldwide leader of cover glass industry and Gorilla Glass has been used on more than 4.5 billion devices. Recently, Corning has announced Gorilla Glass SR+, specially designed for wearable devices, claiming also superior scratch resistance.

Sapphire glass was introduced a few years ago by Apple’s supplier GT Advanced Technology as the alternative cover glass to be used in iPhones. The main advantage of the Sapphire Glass is that it is the second hardest material on earth, behind diamond (Mohs scale of hardness: 9). But it is heavier than Gorilla glass and not flexible, so it doesn’t seem to fit in the wearables industry. Its main drawback, however, is that even a tiny flaw in a sapphire screen makes the screen fragile if accidentally dropped or hit by an object. So, Sapphire glass failed to fulfill Apple’s innovative expectations, resulting inevitably in the bankruptcy of GT Advanced Technology.

Apart from the type and quality of the materials used in a touch sensor, there is another important factor affecting its behavior: the touch technology it relies on. Resistive or Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) touch panels, for example, do not support multi-touching and are more vulnerable to scratches than capacitive ones. In particular, the ITO conductors of resistive touch screens may crack due to frequent use, resulting in dead spots. Regarding temperature, resistive panels are typically reliable from about -30 to 70 °C, while capacitive ones are often limited between -10 and 60 c.


On the other hand, projected-capacitive (PCAP) touch screens may not operate reliably when used with gloves, especially thick ones. Some companies overcome this bottleneck by properly tuning the touch sensor with special software tools like Fieldscale Sense. Their seamless operation under high moisture or even when water droplets exist on the surface can be achieved by combining self-capacitive and mutual-capacitive sensing. Finally, PCAP sensors are sensitive to noise, originating from the display module or a heavy EMI environment. High noise levels may result in malfunction of the touch controller, which has to distinguish the real touch signal from the noise.
Touch industry has already managed to tackle the most serious issues concerning the design of durable touch screens that can perfectly operate even in harsh environments. Today it seems that the widespread usage of touch panels in every single aspect of human action, from sending an e-mail through our smartphones to piloting a fighter jet, is only a matter of time.

Fieldscale develops simulation apps for product design. Fieldscale SENSE is the first touchscreen design and simulation tool, achieving the highest accuracy, speed and simplicity.

COME 2 ELECTRONIC COMPUTER SCIENCE