Networking and Information technology

د جمهوررئیس په حضور کې د ټلیفون له لارې د معاشونو د ورکړې پروګرام پرانیسته

د جمهوررئیس محمد اشرف غني په حضور کې د ټلیفون له لارې د معاشونو د ورکړې پروګرام نن سهار په ارګ کې پرانیستل شو.

د افغانستان بانک سرپرست اجمل احمدي وویل، دا د عادي ټلیفونونو له لارې له انټرنیټ پرته د پیسو د لېږد مهم پروګرام دی او له دې وروسته د دولت ټول ملکي او نظامي کارکوونکي د عادي ټلیفون په لرلو سره خپل حسابونه چیک کولای او خپلې تنخواګانې خپلې کورنۍ او هر هغه چاته چې دوی یې وغواړي، لېږدولی شي.

د جمهوررئیس په حضور کې د افغانستان بانک تخنیکي ټیم له لوري د دغه پروګرام له عملي اجرا وروسته جمهوررئیس غني د افغانستان بانک مسوولینو څخه په مننې ټولو هیوادوالو ته د دغه اساسي پرمختګ او تاریخي ګام مبارکي وویله.

د هیواد جمهوررئیس دا سیستم د فساد او ناسمو ګټو د مخنیوي او شفافیت په برخه کې ګټور وباله او وې ویل، د امنیتي او دفاعي ځواکونو منسوبین له دې وروسته خپلې تنخواګانې په اسانۍ خپلو کورنیو ته لېږدولی شي. هغه زیاته کړه، دا سیستم او تجربه په افریقا کې هم بریالۍ وه.

حکیم الکوزی چې د کرونا لپاره یې واکسین جوړ کړی ..نور یې تاسې له ده واوری...

IP and classes
Internet Protocol hierarchy contains several classes of IP Addresses to be used efficiently in various situations as per the requirement of hosts per network. Broadly, the IPv4 Addressing system is divided into five classes of IP Addresses. All the five classes are identified by the first octet of IP Address.

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is responsible for assigning IP addresses.

The first octet referred here is the left most of all. The octets numbered as follows depicting dotted decimal notation of IP Address −

The number of networks and the number of hosts per class can be derived by this formula −

When calculating hosts' IP addresses, 2 IP addresses are decreased because they cannot be assigned to hosts, i.e. the first IP of a network is network number and the last IP is reserved for Broadcast IP.

Class A Address

The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero). Thus the first octet ranges from 1 – 127, i.e.

Class A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x only. The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback IP addresses.
The default subnet mask for Class A IP address is 255.0.0.0 which implies that Class A addressing can have 126 networks (27-2) and 16777214 hosts (224-2).
Class A IP address format is thus: 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class B Address

An IP address which belongs to class B has the first two bits in the first octet set to 10, i.e.

Class B IP Addresses range from 128.0.x.x to 191.255.x.x. The default subnet mask for Class B is 255.255.x.x.
Class B has 16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534 (216-2) Host addresses.
Class B IP address format is: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class C Address

The first octet of Class C IP address has its first 3 bits set to 110, that is −

Class C IP addresses range from 192.0.0.x to 223.255.255.x. The default subnet mask for Class C is 255.255.255.x.
Class C gives 2097152 (221) Network addresses and 254 (28-2) Host addresses.
Class C IP address format is: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH

Class D Address

Very first four bits of the first octet in Class D IP addresses are set to 1110, giving a range of −

Class D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Class D is reserved for Multicasting. In multicasting data is not destined for a particular host, that is why there is no need to extract host address from the IP address, and Class D does not have any subnet mask.

Class E Address

This IP Class is reserved for experimental purposes only for R&D or Study. IP addresses in this class ranges from 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254. Like Class D, this class too is not equipped with any subnet mask.

يو د خوښي خبر دادی چې په نږدې راتلونکي کې به وکړای شئ د افغانستان په لرو پرتو او کليوالي سيمو کې فيسبوک د وړيا وای فای له لارې وکاروئ.
دا کار فيسبوک کمپنۍ د افغانستان د‌ مخابراتو له وزارت سره منلی دی.
تاسې به د خپل موبايل وای فای خلاصوئ او فيسبوک به کاروئ.
غالب ګومان دادی چې تاسې به ددې وړيا انټرنيټ له لارې يوازې فيسبوک ته لاس رسی لرئ.
خیاء

We are waiting for those day.this day will come anshaullah.corona will finish.. This page will improve you are knowledge about N/W and IT..(Nasir Mahidi)

خبري سرچينه: له فېسبوک شرکت سره د افغانستان د مخابراتو وزارت موافقه
مخابراتو او معلوماتي ټکنالوژیو وزارت په افغانستان کې د فیسبوک د محلي کولو هوکړه لیک لاسلیک کړ

د مخابراتو او معلوماتي ټکنالوژیو وزارت په هیواد کې د فیسبوک کارونکو د معلوماتو د مصونیت په موخه، د فیسبوک له شرکت سره د فیسبوک د محلي کولو هوکړه لیک لاسلیک کړ.

ددې هوکړه لیک په تطبیق سره به؛ په افغانستان کې د فیسبوک کاروونکو د معلوماتو د تبادلې مرکز فعال شي.

له دې مخکې د فیسبوک کاروونکو د معلوماتو د تبادلې مرکز له هیواده دباندې وو چې دا نه یواځې د کارونې پر مهال ضعیف بلکې د معلوماتو د مصونیت د شتون ډاډ یې هم نه درلوده.

د فیسبوک د کاروونکو لپاره یې بله ګټه داده چې دوي د لنډ مهالې حافظې یا Cache له چټکتيا څخه برخمن کیږي. لنډمهاله حافظه یا Cache د فیسبوک او انسټاګرام د تبادلې ترافیک ته ویل کیږي چې د معلوماتو د تبادلې ملي مرکز (NIXA) لخوا تنظیم او د خصوصي انټرنیټي شرکتونو پر کیفیت ژوره اغیزه لري.

د انټرنیټي شرکتونو د فیسبوک ټول ترافیک به په هیواد کې دننه لیږد رالیږد پیل کړي او دا به د انټرنیټ د چټکتیا او د قیمتونو د ټیټوالي سبب وګرزي.

د مخابراتو او معلوماتی ټکنالوژیو وزارت تل هڅه کړی چې د خصوصي سکتور ملاتړ وکړي، ددې برنامې په عملي کیدو سره د فیسبوک کیشونه له ۴۰ Mb څخه ۸۸۰ MB ته وده موندې او بیا انټرنیټي شرکتونه کولای شي خلګو ته چټک او په ټیټه بیه انټرنیټي خدمتونه وړاندی کړي.

ددې ترڅنګ د مخابراتو او معلوماتي ټیکنالوژیو وزارت او د افغانستان د انټرنیټ د تبادلې ملي مرکز کوښښ کوي چې وکولای شي د Google, Netflix, Akamai کیشونه هم د افغانستان د انټرنیټ د تبادلې ملي مرکز سره وصل کړي ترڅو د انټرنیټي خدمتونو په وړاندې کولو کې د پام وړ بدلون راشي.

د NIXA د خدمتونو او کارونو د بشپړ معلوماتو لپاره www.nixa.af وېبپاڼې ته مراجعه وکړی.

The Taj Mahal is an enormous mausoleum complex commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to house the remains of his beloved wife. Constructed over a 20-year period on the southern bank of the Yamuna River in Agra, India, the famed complex is one of the most outstanding examples of Mughal architecture, which combined Indian, Persian and Islamic influences. At its center is the Taj Mahal itself, built of shimmering white marble that seems to change color depending on the daylight. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983, it remains one of the world’s most celebrated structures and a stunning symbol of India’s rich history.
Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid 18th-century. After the death of his father, King Jahangir, in 1627, Shah Jahan emerged the victor of a bitter power struggle with his brothers, and crowned himself emperor at Agra in 1628.

At his side was Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), whom he married in 1612 and cherished as the favorite of his three queens.
Shah Jahan

Shah Jahan was a member of the Mughal dynasty that ruled most of northern India from the early 16th to the mid 18th-century. After the death of his father, King Jahangir, in 1627, Shah Jahan emerged the victor of a bitter power struggle with his brothers, and crowned himself emperor at Agra in 1628.
At his side was Arjumand Banu Begum, better known as Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), whom he married in 1612 and cherished as the favorite of his three queens.
In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died after giving birth to the couple’s 14th child. The grieving Shah Jahan, known for commissioning a number of impressive structures throughout his reign, ordered the building of a magnificent mausoleum across the Yamuna River from his own royal palace at Agra.

Construction began around 1632 and would continue for the next two decades. The chief architect was probably Ustad Ahmad Lahouri, an Indian of Persian descent who would later be credited with designing the Red Fort at Delhi.

In all, more than 20,000 workers from India, Persia, Europe and the Ottoman Empire, along with some 1,000 elephants, were brought in to build the mausoleum complex.

Design and Construction of the Taj Mahal
Named the Taj Mahal in honor of Mumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was constructed of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones (including jade, crystal, lapis lazuli, amethyst and turquoise) forming intricate designs in a technique known as pietra dura.

Its central dome reaches a height of 240 feet (73 meters) and is surrounded by four smaller domes; four slender towers, or minarets, stood at the corners. In accordance with the traditions of Islam, verses from the Quran were inscribed in calligraphy on the arched entrances to the mausoleum, in addition to numerous other sections of the complex.

Inside the mausoleum, an octagonal marble chamber adorned with carvings and semi-precious stones housed the cenotaph, or false tomb, of Mumtaz Mahal. The real sarcophagus containing her actual remains lay below, at garden level.

The rest of the Taj Mahal complex included a main gateway of red sandstone and a square garden divided into quarters by long pools of water, as well as a red sandstone mosque and an identical building called a jawab (or “mirror”) directly across from the mosque. Traditional Mughal building practice would allow no future alterations to be made to the complex.

As the story goes, Shah Jahan intended to build a second grand mausoleum across the Yamuna River from the Taj Mahal, where his own remains would be buried when he died; the two structures were to have been connected by a bridge.

In fact, Aurangzeb (Shah Jahan’s third son with Mumtaz Mahal) deposed his ailing father in 1658 and took power himself. Shah Jahan lived out the last years of his life under house arrest in a tower of the Red Fort at Agra, with a view of the majestic resting place he had constructed for his wife; when he died in 1666, he was buried next to her.
Taj Mahal Over the Years
Under Aurangzeb’s long rule (1658-1707), the Mughal empire reached the height of its strength. However, his militant Muslim policies, including the destruction of many Hindu temples and shrines, undermined the enduring strength of the empire and led to its demise by the mid-18th century.

Even as Mughal power crumbled, the Taj Mahal suffered from neglect and disrepair in the two centuries after Shah Jahan’s death. Near the turn of the 19th century, Lord Curzon, then British viceroy of India, ordered a major restoration of the mausoleum complex as part of a colonial effort to preserve India’s artistic and cultural heritage.

Today, some 3 million people a year (or around 45,000 a day during peak tourist season) visit the Taj Mahal.

Air pollution from nearby factories and automobiles poses a continual threat to the mausoleum’s gleaming white marble façade, and in 1998, India’s Supreme Court ordered a number of anti-pollution measures to protect the building from deterioration. Some factories were closed, while vehicular traffic was banned from the immediate vicinity of the complex.